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Assessment of Deep Groundwater Quality in Kathmandu Valley Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques

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Abstract

This study was carried out to assess the overall water quality and identify major variables affecting the deep groundwater quality in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Forty-two deep wells were sampled during premonsoon and monsoon seasons in 2007 and analyzed for the major physicochemical variables. The water quality variables such as NH +4 -N, Fe, Pb, As, and Cd at most of the sampling locations exceeded the World Health Organization guideline levels for drinking water. Multivariate statistical techniques such as factor analysis and cluster analysis were applied to identify the major factors (variables) corresponding to the different source of variation in deep groundwater quality. Factor analysis indentified six major factors explaining 74.77% of the total variance in water quality; and the major variations are related with the degree of groundwater mineralization, decomposition of organic matter, and reduction of groundwater environment. The water quality of deep groundwater is influenced by the natural hydrogeochemical environment. The wells are broadly divided into two major groups based on the similar groundwater characteristics using cluster analysis. Results show that water quality of deep groundwater does not vary significantly as a function of season.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to the Global Center of Excellence program, University of Yamanashi, Japan for providing the financial support. We are thankful to Yuki Hiraga and all members of Kazama Laboratory for their kind assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecosocial System Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, 400-8511, Yamanashi, Japan

    Saroj Kumar Chapagain, Vishnu P. Pandey & Futaba Kazama

  2. Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathumthani, Thailand

    Sangam Shrestha

  3. International Research Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, 400-8511, Yamanashi, Japan

    Takashi Nakamura

Authors
  1. Saroj Kumar Chapagain
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  2. Vishnu P. Pandey
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  3. Sangam Shrestha
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  4. Takashi Nakamura
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  5. Futaba Kazama
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Correspondence to Saroj Kumar Chapagain.

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Chapagain, S.K., Pandey, V.P., Shrestha, S. et al. Assessment of Deep Groundwater Quality in Kathmandu Valley Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Water Air Soil Pollut 210, 277–288 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0249-8

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