Abstract
A field plot experiment was conducted on two types of paddy soils in the Taihu Lake Region of China from June 2000 through 2002 to assess phosphorus (P) losses by runoff and drainage flow and the effectiveness of rice–wheat double cropping on reducing P losses from paddy soils. Commercial NPK compound fertilizer and single superphosphate fertilizer were applied to furnish 0, 30, 150, and 300 kg P ha−1 for rice season trials, and 0, 20, 80, and 160 kg P ha−1 for wheat season trials. The experiments consisted of four replicates (plots of 5 × 6 m in a randomized block design) of each treatment in Argic stagnic anthrosols (Anzhen site) and six replicates in Cumulic stagnic anthrosols (Changshu site). P30 and P20 treatments (30 and 20 kg P ha−1 in rice and wheat seasons, respectively) were considered as conventional P application rates in this area. Higher P treatments, such as P150 and P300 for rice and P80 and P160 for wheat, were intended to simulate the status of soil P in ~10–20 years with an application of P30 or P20 kg P ha−1 each season. Results revealed that the average concentration of total P (TP) in runoff samples was 0.870 mg P l−1 from P30 plots during the rice season, and 0.763 mg P l−1 from P20 plots during the wheat season in both years at the Anzhen site, while it was 0.703 and 1.292 mg P l−1, respectively, at the Changshu site. Average TP load (mass loss) at the Anzhen site with conventional P application rates was 220.9 and 439.5 g P ha−1 during rice season in 2000/2001 and 2001/2002, respectively, but was 382.3 and 709.4g P ha−1 during wheat season, respectively. Mass loss at the Changshu site was 140.4 and 165.7 g P ha−1 during the rice season and 539.1 and 1184.6 g P ha−1 during the wheat season, respectively. P losses from paddy soils were significantly greater during the wheat season, especially at the Changshu site, indicating that planting rice reduced P. Phosphate fertilizer levels significantly affected P concentrations and P loads in runoff both seasons. Both mean concentrations and average seasonal P loads from the P150/P80 plots were lower than that from the P300/P160 plots, but significantly higher than that from the P30/P20 and P0 plots. This implied that runoff P loads would be greatly increased in 10–20 years as a result of the accumulation of soil P if 50 kg P ha−1 (rice season plus wheat season) is applied each year.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bell S.G. and Codd G.A. 1996. Detection analysis and risk assessment of cyanobacterial toxins. In: Hester R.E. and Harrison R.M. (eds), Agricultural Chemicals and the Environment. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology No. 5, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, England, pp. 109–122.
Z.H. Boo (1994) ArticleTitleA study on rainfall erosive and its application in Taihu Lake Region Eco-Environment 10 1–6
A. Breeuwsma O.F. Schoumans (1997) Occurrence and effects of phosphate saturated soils H. Tunney O.T. Carton P.C. Bookse A.E. Johnston (Eds) Phosphorus Loss from Soil to Water CAB International Wallingford 438–440
Breeuwsma A. and Silva S. 1993. Phosphorus fertilization and environmental effects in the Netherlands and Italy. In: L’Hermite P., Sequi J. and Voorburg H. (eds), Scientific Basis for Environmentally Safe and Efficient Management of Livestock Farming: Report of the Scientific Committee of the European Conference Environment, Agriculture and Stock Farming in Europe, European Conference, Mantova 1991–1992. Mantua, Italy.
J.A. Catt K.R. Howse R. Farina D. Brockie A. Todd B.J. Chambers R. Hodgkinson G.L. Harris J.N. Quinton (1998) ArticleTitlePhosphorus losses from arable land in England Soil Use and Management 14 168–174
Cooke G.W. 1976. A review of the effects of agriculture on the chemical composition and quality of surface and underground waters. Agriculture and Water Quality, MAFF Technical Bulletin HMSO. London, England, pp. 32, 5–57.
T.C. Daniel A.N. Sharpley D.R. Edwards R. Wedepohl J.L. Lemunyon (1994) ArticleTitleMinimizing surface water eutrophication from agriculture by phosphorus management Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Supplement 49 30–38
A.C. Edwards P.J.A. Withers (1998) ArticleTitleSoil phosphorus management and water quality: a UK perspective Soil Use and Management 14 124–130
Foy R.H. and Dils R. 1998. Practical and innovative measures for the control of agricultural phosphorus losses to water. An OECD workshop paper abstract and poster papers, Greenmount College of Agriculture and Horticulture, Northern Ireland.
Gabriels D. and Michiels P. 1992. Mineral phosphorus losses associated with soil erosion. Proceedings of the 4th International Imphos Conference, pp. 391– 396.
P.M. Haygarth L. Hepworth S.C. Jarvis (1998) ArticleTitleForm of phosphorus transfer in hydrological pathways from soil under grazed pasture European Journal of Soil Science 49 65–72
G. Heckrath P.C. Brookes P.R. Poulton K.W.T. Goulding (1995) ArticleTitlePhosphorus leaching from soils containing deferent phosphorus concentrations in the Broadbalk Experiment Journal of Environmental Quality 24 904–910
S. Hughes B. Reynolds S.A. Bell C. Gardner (2000) ArticleTitleSimple phosphorus saturation index of dissolved P in runoff from arable soils Soil Use and Management 16 206–210
C. Jordan S.O. McGuckin R.V. Smith (2000) ArticleTitleIncreased predicted losses of phosphorus to surface water from soils with high Olsen-P concentration Soil Use and Management 16 27–35
S. Klausner (1997) Nutrient management: Crop production and water quality NYS Water Research Institute, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA.
B. Kronvang (1990) Sediment-associated phosphorus transport from two intensively farmed catchment areas I.D.L. Boardman J. Foster J.A. Dearing (Eds) Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land John Wiley Chichester 313–330
S.L. Levine D.W. Schindler (1989) ArticleTitlePhosphorus, nitrogen and carbon dynamics of Experimental Lake 303 during recovery from eutrophication Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46 2–10
J. Murphy J.R. Riley (1962) ArticleTitleA modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters Analytica Chimica Acta 27 31–36
S.R. Olsen L.E. Sommers (1982) Phosphorus A.L. Page (Eds) et al. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, 2nd (edn). Agronomy Monograph 9. ASA and SSSA Madison WI, USA 403–429
Rohlich G.A. and O’Connor D.J. 1980. Phosphorus management for the Great Lakes. Final Report, Phosphorus Management Strategies Task Force, Int. Joint Commission (UC). Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group Technical Report. Phosphorus Management Strategies Task Force, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
A.N. Sharpley S.C. Chapra R. Wedepohl J.T. Sims T.C. Daniel K.R. Reddy (1994) ArticleTitleManaging agricultural phosphorus for protection of surface waters: issues and options Journal of Environmental Quality 23 437–451
A.N. Sharpley T.C. Daniel D.R. Edwards (1993) ArticleTitlePhosphorus movement in the landscape Journal of Production Agriculture 6 492–500
Sharpley A.N., Daniel T.C., Sims J.T., Lemunyon J., Stevens R. and Parry R. 1999. Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication. US. Department of Agriculture, ARS-149, July.
A.N. Sharpley S. Rekolainen (1997) Phosphorus in agriculture and its environmental implications H. Tunney O.T. Carton P.C. Brookes A.E. Johnston (Eds) Phosphorus Loss from Soil to Water CAB International Press Cambridge, UK 1–54
A.N. Sharpley S.J. Smith O.R. Jones (1992) ArticleTitleThe transport of bioavailable phosphorus in agricultural runoff Journal of Environmental Quality 21 30–55
R.R. Simard D. Cluis G. Gangbazo S. Beauchemin (1995) ArticleTitlePhosphorus status of forest and agricultural soils from a watershed of high animal density Journal of Environmental Quality 24 1010–1017
J.T. Sims (1997) Agricultural and environmental issues in the management of poultry wastes: Recent innovations and long-term challenges J. Rechcigl (Eds) Uses of By-products and Wastes in Agriculture American Chemical Society Washington, DC, USA 72–90
R.L. Thomas R.W. Sheard J.P. Moyer (1967) ArticleTitleComparison of conventional and automated procedures for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium analysis of plant material using a single digest Agronomy Journal 99 240–243
D.R. Timmons R.E. Burwell R.F. Holt (1973) ArticleTitleNitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff from agricultural land as influenced by placement or broadcast fertilizer Water Resources Research 9 658–667
H. Tunney A. Breeuwsma P.J.A. Withers P.A.I. Ehlert (1997) Phosphorus fertiliser strategies: present and future H. Tunney O.T. Carton P.C. Brookes A.E. Johnston (Eds) Phosphorus Loss from Soil to Water CAB International Press Cambridge, UK 177–203
E. Turtola A. Jaakkola (1995) ArticleTitleLoss of phosphorus by surface runoff and leaching from a heavy clay soil under barley and grass ley in Finland Acta Agriculturæ Scandinavica, Section B, Soil Plant Science 45 159–165
P.J.A. Withers S.C. Jarvis (1998) ArticleTitleMitigation options for diffuse phosphorus loss to water Soil Use Management 14 186–192
Q. Xu Y.C. Lou Y.C. Liu H.G. Zhu (1980) The paddy soil of Taihu Lake Region in China Shanghai Science and Technology Press China 53–64
X.Y. Xu J. Liu (1999) ArticleTitleSimulation of organic matter loss in the area around Taihu Lake Journal of Lake Science 11 81–85
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, H., Cao, F., Fang, S. et al. Effects of agricultural production on phosphorus losses from paddy soils: a case study in the Taihu Lake Region of China. Wetlands Ecol Manage 13, 25–33 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-003-5033-8
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-003-5033-8