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Phosphorus budgets in Everglades wetland ecosystems: the effects of hydrology and nutrient enrichment

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Abstract

The Florida Everglades is a naturally oligotrophic hydroscape that has experienced large changes in ecosystem structure and function as the result of increased anthropogenic phosphorus (P) loading and hydrologic changes. We present whole-ecosystem models of P cycling for Everglades wetlands with differing hydrology and P enrichment with the goal of synthesizing existing information into ecosystem P budgets. Budgets were developed for deeper water oligotrophic wet prairie/slough (‘Slough’), shallower water oligotrophic Cladium jamaicense (‘Cladium’), partially enriched C. jamaicense/Typha spp. mixture (‘Cladium/Typha’), and enriched Typha spp. (‘Typha’) marshes. The majority of ecosystem P was stored in the soil in all four ecosystem types, with the flocculent detrital organic matter (floc) layer at the bottom of the water column storing the next largest proportion of ecosystem P pools. However, most P cycling involved ecosystem components in the water column (periphyton, floc, and consumers) in deeper water, oligotrophic Slough marsh. Fluxes of P associated with macrophytes were more important in the shallower water, oligotrophic Cladium marsh. The two oligotrophic ecosystem types had similar total ecosystem P stocks and cycling rates, and low rates of P cycling associated with soils. Phosphorus flux rates cannot be estimated for ecosystem components residing in the water column in Cladium/Typha or Typha marshes due to insufficient data. Enrichment caused a large increase in the importance of macrophytes to P cycling in Everglades wetlands. The flux of P from soil to the water column, via roots to live aboveground tissues to macrophyte detritus, increased from 0.03 and 0.2 g P m−2 yr−1 in oligotrophic Slough and Cladium marsh, respectively, to 1.1 g P m−2 yr−1 in partially enriched Cladium/Typha, and 1.6 g P m−2 yr−1 in enriched Typha marsh. This macrophyte translocation P flux represents a large source of internal eutrophication to surface waters in P-enriched areas of the Everglades.

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Acknowledgements

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-9910514) under the Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program, the Everglades Priority Ecosystem Science Initiative of the US Geological Survey, and the National Research Program of the US Geological Survey. We would like to thank Quan Dong, Evelyn Gaiser, Colin Saunders, Len Scinto, and Joel Trexler for sharing their data and their helpful comments on this research, and Changwoo Ahn, Paul McCormick, and the Wetlands Ecosystem Laboratory (Florida International University) for their review of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. US Geological Survey, 430 National Center, Reston, VA, 20192, USA

    Gregory B. Noe

  2. Department of Biology and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

    Daniel L. Childers

Authors
  1. Gregory B. Noe
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gregory B. Noe.

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix 1 Observed mean masses of ecosystem components (AG = aboveground, BG = belowground), water depth, and soil bulk density used to parameterize the budgets for each ecosystem type. Floc depth is included in parentheses. References not included in the Literature Cited are presented in Appendix 3

Component

Slough

Cladium

Cladium/Typha

Typha

Periphyton (g dw m−2)

263a,c,e

84f,g

141f

65f,g

Floc (g dw m−2)

1686a,c (9.5 cm)

863c (6.1 cm)

795d

726c (6.9 cm)

Consumers (g dw m−2)

2.3a,h,i,j,k,l

1.3h,i

1.8k

2.2h,i,k

Macrophyte live AG (g dw m−2)

117a,m,n,o,p

790e,n,o,p,q,r,s

480m,r,s,t

681p,r,s

Macrophyte dead AG (g dw m−2)

85p

1269p,q

1121d

973p

Macrophyte live BG (g dw m−2)

520l,o

900m,o,s

183s,t

248s

Water depth (m)

0.52a,b,c

0.35c

0.55d

0.75c

Soil bulk density (g cm−3)

0.096a,c

0.069c,u,v

0.068u

0.064c,u,v

  1. aNoe et al. (2002)
  2. bNoe et al. (2003)
  3. cL. Scinto, Florida International University, unpublished data (WCA-1, -2A, -3B, Shark River Slough)
  4. dAssumed to be mean of Cladium and Typha ecosystem values
  5. eChiang et al. (2000)
  6. fE. Gaiser, Florida International University, unpublished data (WCA-1, -2A, -3B, Shark River Slough)
  7. gMcCormick et al. (1998)
  8. hTurner and Trexler (1997)
  9. iTurner et al. (1999)
  10. jLoftus and Eklund (1994)
  11. kJ. Trexler, Florida International University, unpublished data (WCA-1, -2A, -3B, Shark River Slough)
  12. lG. Noe, United States Geological Survey, unpublished data (Shark River Slough)
  13. mCraft et al. (1995)
  14. nDaoust and Childers (1999)
  15. oDaoust and Childers (2004)
  16. pChilders et al. (2003)
  17. qStewart and Ornes (1975)
  18. rDavis (1989)
  19. sMiao and Sklar (1998)
  20. tAssumed to be mean of Cladium and Typha biomass in Cladium/Typha ecosystem type
  21. uDeBusk et al. (1994)
  22. vNewman et al. (1997)

Appendix 2 Observed mean phosphorus concentrations in the different ecosystem components used to parameterize the budgets for each ecosystem type. AG = aboveground, BG = belowground. References not included in the Literature Cited are presented in Appendix 3

Component

Slough

Cladium

Cladium/Typha

Typha

Water (μg l−1)

10.4a

10.8a

42.3a

76.1a

Periphyton (μg g−1)

185b,c,d

211d,e,f,g

1031d,e,f,h,i

2264d,f

Floc (μg g−1)

444c,j

546j

1103k

1659j

Consumers (μg g−1)

Fish: 32,400l,m; Invertebrates: 12,100n,o,p,q,r

Macrophyte live AG (μg g−1)

332c,j,s,t,u

240s,u,v,w,x,y,z

649s,w,x,y,!,@

1597u,w,x,y

Macrophyte dead AG (μg g−1)

98#

79w,z,$

307w,z,$,@

325w,$

Macrophyte live BG (μg g−1)

152j

141x,y

550x,y

950x,y

Soil (μg g−1)

248c,j

397j,%,^

802%

1127j,%,^

  1. aNoe et al. (2001)
  2. bChiang et al. (2000)
  3. cNoe et al. (2002)
  4. dE. Gaiser, Florida International University, unpublished data (WCA−1, −2A, −3B, Shark River Slough)
  5. eGrimshaw et al. (1993)
  6. fMcCormick and O’Dell (1996)
  7. gScinto (1997)
  8. hVymazal et al. (1994)
  9. iPan et al. (2000)
  10. jL. Scinto, Florida International University, unpublished data (WCA−1, −2A, −3B, Shark River Slough)
  11. kassumed to be mean of Cladium and Typha ecosystem values
  12. lJ. Trexler, Florida International University, unpublished data (Shark River Slough)
  13. mStevenson and Childers (2004)
  14. nNakashima and Leggett (1980)
  15. oAndersen and Hessen (1991)
  16. pBriggs and Funge-Smith (1994)
  17. qBoyd and Teichert-Coddington (1995)
  18. rPenaflorida (1999)
  19. sCraft et al. (1995)
  20. tVaithiyanathan and Richardson (1998)
  21. uChilders et al. (2003)
  22. vSteward and Ornes (1975)
  23. wDavis (1991)
  24. xKoch and Reddy (1992)
  25. yMiao and Sklar (1998)
  26. zRichardson et al. (1999)
  27. !Richardson et al. (1997)
  28. @Asumed to be mean of Cladium and Typha biomass in Cladium/Typha ecosystem type
  29. #A. Edwards, Illinois Natural History Survey, unpublished data (Shark River Slough)
  30. $Miao and DeBusk (1999)
  31. %DeBusk et al. (1994)
  32. ^Newman et al. (1997)

Appendix 3

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Daoust RJ, Childers DL (1999) Controls on emergent macrophyte composition, abundance, and productivity in freshwater Everglades wetland communities. Wetlands 19:262–275

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Noe, G.B., Childers, D.L. Phosphorus budgets in Everglades wetland ecosystems: the effects of hydrology and nutrient enrichment. Wetlands Ecol Manage 15, 189–205 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-006-9023-5

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