Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The IoT Architectural Framework, Design Issues and Application Domains

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The challenge raised by the introduction of Internet of Things (IoT) concept will permanently shape the networking and communications landscape and will therefore have a significant social impact. The ongoing IoT research activities are directed towards the definition and design of open architectures and standards, but there are still many issues requiring a global consensus before the final deployment. The paper presents and discusses the IoT architectural frameworks proposed under the ongoing standardization efforts, design issues in terms of IoT hardware and software components, as well as the IoT application domain representatives, such as smart cities, healthcare, agriculture, and nano-scale applications (addressed within the concept of Internet of Nano-Things). In order to obtain the performances related to recently proposed protocols for emerging Industrial Internet of Things applications, the preliminary results for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport and Time-Slotted Channel Hopping protocols are provided. The testing was performed on OpenMote hardware platform and two IoT operating systems: Contiki and OpenWSN.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Botterman, M. (2009). Internet of Things: An early reality of the Future Internet. Workshop Report, European Commission Information Society and Media, May 2009.

  2. Atzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. (2010). The internet of things: A survey. Computer Networks, 54(15), 2787–2805.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Stankovic, J. A. (2014). Research directions for the Internet of Things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(1), 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. ITU-T. Internet of things global standards initiative. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2013-2016/13/Pages/default.aspx.

  5. IETF. (2010). The internet of things—Concept and problem statement. http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-lee-iot-problem-statement-00.txt.

  6. IEEE Interent of Things, Towards a Definition of the Internet of Things (IoT), Revision 1, May 27 (2015).

  7. Vasseur, J. (2011). Terminology in low power and lossy networks. IETF Internet Draft, September 2011.

  8. Vermesan, O., & Friess, P. (2013). Internet of things: Converging technologies for smart environments and integrated ecosystems. The River Publishers Series in Communications, June 2013.

  9. NarrowBand IoT. http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1733-niot.

  10. IETF 6LoWPAN Working Group. http://tools.ietf.org/wg/6lowpan.

  11. ZigBee IP and 920IP. http://www.zigbee.org/zigbee-for-developers/network-specifications/zigbeeip/.

  12. Winter, T. et al. (2012). RPL: IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. In RFC 6550 (Proposed Standard), Internet Engineering Task Force, March 2012.

  13. IETF, The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), in RFC 7252 (Proposed Standard), June 2014. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7252.

  14. ZigBee Smart Energy. http://www.zigbee.org/zigbee-for-developers/applicationstandards/zigbeesmartenergy/.

  15. MQTT Protocol. http://docs.oasis-open.org/mqtt/mqtt/v3.1.1/os/mqtt-v3.1.1-os.

  16. IETF, Using IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) in the Internet of Things (IoT): Problem Statement. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7554.

  17. Buratti, C., Stajkic, A., Gardasevic, G., Milardo, S., Abrignani, M. D., Mijovic, S., et al. (2016). Testing protocols for the internet of things on the EuWIn platform. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 3(1), 124–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Texas Instruments, CC2538 Powerful Wireless Microcontroller System-On-Chip for 2.4-GHz IEEE 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN, and ZigBee Applications. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2538.

  19. Libelium Waspmote. http://www.libelium.com/development/waspmote.

  20. Tmote Sky platform. http://www.advanticsys.com/shop/mtmcm5000msp-p-14.html.

  21. MICAz platform. http://www.cmt-gmbh.de/MICAz.

  22. Raspberry Pi platform. http://www.adafruit.com/pdfs.

  23. Arduino platform. https://www.arduino.cc/.

  24. Intel Galileo platform. http://www.intel.com/content.

  25. BeagleBone platform. http://beagleboard.org/bone.

  26. TinyOS Operating System. http://www.tinyos.net/.

  27. Contiki Operating System. http://www.contiki-os.org/.

  28. FreeRTOS Operating System. http://www.freertos.org/.

  29. RIOT Operating System. http://www.riot-os.org/.

  30. Watteyne, T., Vilajosana, X., Kerkez, B., Chraim, F., Weekly, K., Wang, Q., et al. (2012). OpenWSN: A standards-based low-power wireless development environment. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 23, 480–493. doi:10.1002/ett.2558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Sensinode NanoStack 2.0. http://sensinode.sivuviidakko.fi.

  32. Thingsquare platform. http://www.thingsquare.com/.

  33. Google Brillo OS. https://developers.google.com/brillo/.

  34. Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Nilsson, M., & Oliveira, A. (2011). Smart cities and the future internet: Towards cooperation frameworks for open innovation. The Future Internet. Lecturer Notes in Computer Science, 6656, 431–446.

  35. Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., & Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(1), 22–32. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2014.2306328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Aug-Blum, I., Boussetta, K. Rivano, H. Stanica, R., & Valois, F. (2012). Capillary networks: A novel networking paradigm for urban environments. In Proceedings of the first workshop on Urban networking (UrbaNe ’12), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 25-30. doi:10.1145/2413236.2413243.

  37. Open Cities, EU FP7 project. http://www.opencities.net/.

  38. VITAL, EU FP7 project. http://www.vital-iot.eu/vision.

  39. RERUM, EU FP7 project. https://ict-rerum.eu/.

  40. CityPulse, EU FP7 project. http://www.ict-citypulse.eu/page/.

  41. Smart Santander, EU FP7 project. Future internet research and experimentation. http://www.smartsantander.eu/.

  42. ITU-T Study Group 5. Environment and climate change. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2013-2016/05/Pages/default.aspx.

  43. IEEE 2030 Smart Grid Interoperability Working Group. https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/2030-2011.html.

  44. Riazul Islam, S. M., Daehan, K., Humaun, K., Hossain, M., & Kyung-Sup, K. (2015). The internet of things for health care: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Access, 3, 678–708. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2437951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Fang, H., Dan, X., & Shaowu, S. (2013). On the Application of the internet of things in the field of medical and health care. In Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom), 2013 IEEE and Internet of Things (iThings/CPSCom), IEEE International Conference on and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, (pp. 2053–2058), 20-23 Aug. 2013. doi:10.1109/GreenCom-iThings-CPSCom.2013.384.

  46. Ugrenovic, D., & Gardasevic, G. (2015). Performance analysis of IoT wireless sensor networks for healthcare applications. In The 2nd International Conference on Electrical, Electronic and Computing Engineering IcETRAN 2015, Silver Lake, Serbia, June 8–11, 2015.

  47. ITU-T Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities, An overview of smart sustainable cities and the role of information and communication technologies. www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/.../TR-Overview-SSC.docx.

  48. OpenIoT, EU FP7 project. http://www.openiot.eu/.

  49. Libelium Agriculture. http://www.libelium.com/case-studies/.

  50. Akyildiz, I. F., & Jornet, J. M. (2010). The internet of nano things. IEEE Wireless Communications, 17(6), 58–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Tseng, A., Chen, K., Chen, C., & Ma, K. (2003). Electron beam lithography in nanoscale fabrication: Recent development. IEEE Transactions on Electronics Packaging Manufacturing, 26(2), 141–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Lee, H. H., Menard, E., Tassi, J. A. R. N. G., & Blanchet, G. B. (2005). Large area microcontact printing presses for plastic electronics. Materials Research Society Bulletin, 846, 731–736.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Geim, A. K., & Novoselov, K. S. (2007). The rise of graphene. Nature Materials, 6(3), 183–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Geim, A. K. (2009). Graphene: Status and prospects. Science, 324(5934), 1530–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Balasubramaniam, S., & Kangasharju, J. (2013). Realizing the internet of nano things: Challenges, solutions, and applications. Computer, 46(2), 62–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Akyildiz, I. F., Brunetti, F., & Blazquez, C. (2008). Nanonetworks: A new communication paradigm. Computer Networks, 52, 2260–2279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Nakano, T., Eckford, A., & Haraguchi, T. (2013). Molecular communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  58. Atakan, B. (2014). Molecular communication and nanonetworks: From nature to practical systems. Berlin: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  59. Pierobon, M., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2013). Fundamentals of diffusion-based molecular communication in nanonetworks. Founds and Trends in Networking, 8(1–2), 1–147.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  60. Jornet, J. M., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2014). Femtosecond-long pulse-based modulation for terahertz band communication in nanonetworks. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 62(5), 1742–1754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Akyildiz, I. F., Pierobon, M., Balasubramaniam, S., & Koucheryavy, Y. (2015). Internet of bio-nanothings. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(3), 32–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Nakano, T. et al. (2008). Microplatform for intercellular communication. In 3rd IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems

  63. Mesiti, F., & Balasingham, I. (2012). Nanomachine-to-neuron communication interfaces for neuronal stimulation at nanoscale. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 31(12), 695–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Jornet, J. M., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2012). The internet of multimedia nano-things. Nano Communication Networks, 3, 242–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Vilajosana, X., Tuset, P., Watteyne, T., & Pister, K. (2015). OpenMote: Open-source prototyping platform for the industrial IoT. In International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks (AdHocNets), Sep 2015, San Remo, Italy (pp. 211–222).

  66. OpenMote platform. http://www.openmote.com/.

  67. Contiki OpenMote. https://github.com/OpenMote/contiki.

  68. OpenWSN project. http://www.openwsn.org/.

  69. Capossele, A., Cervo, V., De Cicco, G., & Petrioli, C. (2015). Security as a CoAP resource: An optimized DTLS implementation for the IoT. In 2015 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC), London (pp. 549–554). doi:10.1109/ICC.2015.7248379.

  70. Lesjak, C., et al. (2015). Securing smart maintenance services: Hardware-security and TLS for MQTT. In 2015 IEEE 13th international conference on industrial informatics (INDIN), Cambridge (pp. 1243–1250). doi:10.1109/INDIN.2015.7281913.

  71. Mosquitto project. http://www.mosquitto.org/.

  72. Hwang, H. C., Park, J., Shon, J. G. (2016). Design and implementation of a reliable message transmission system based on MQTT protocol in IoT. Wireless Personal Communications, 1–13. doi:10.1007/s11277-016-3398-2.

  73. MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN) Protocol Specifications (Ver. 1.2). http://mqtt.org/.

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is partially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Ministry of Science of Montenegro, under the bilateral Project Architecture, design and performances of DCQ switch, and by the Ministry of Science of Montenegro under Grant 01-451/2012 (FOREMONT). The research is also partially supported by NORBOTECH (NORway-BOsnia TECHnology Transfer) project under reference 2011/1370, within the Programme in Higher Education, Research and Development; financed by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Gordana Gardašević, Mladen Veletić & Dragan Vasiljević

  2. IHP, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany

    Nebojša Maletić

  3. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro

    Igor Radusinović, Slavica Tomović & Milutin Radonjić

Authors
  1. Gordana Gardašević
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mladen Veletić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nebojša Maletić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dragan Vasiljević
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Igor Radusinović
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Slavica Tomović
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Milutin Radonjić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gordana Gardašević.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gardašević, G., Veletić, M., Maletić, N. et al. The IoT Architectural Framework, Design Issues and Application Domains. Wireless Pers Commun 92, 127–148 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3842-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3842-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation