Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges

Overview on background, aims and scope of the series

  • DIOXIN AND POP-CONTAMINATED SITES • CHALLENGES • OVERVIEW
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background, aim and scope

Once they have been generated, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can persist in soils and sediments and in waste repositories for periods extending from decades to centuries. In 1994, the US EPA concluded that contaminated sites and other reservoirs are likely to become the major source of contemporary pollution problems with these substances. With this in mind, this article is the first in a new series in ESPR under the title ‘Case Studies on Dioxin and POP Contaminated Sites—Contemporary and Future Relevance and Challenges’, which will address this important issue. The series will document various experiences from sites contaminated with PCDD/F and other POPs. This article provides an overview of the content of the articles comprising the series. In addition, it provides a review of the subject in its own right and identifies the key issues arising from dioxin/POP-contaminated sites. Additionally, it highlights the important conclusions that can be drawn from these examples. The key aim of this article and of the series as a whole is to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of PCDD/F contaminated sites that exist as a result of historical activities. It details the various processes whereby these sites became contaminated and attempts to evaluate their contemporary relevance as sources of PCDD/Fs and other POPs. It also details the various strategies used to assess these historical legacies of contamination and the concepts developed, or which are under development, to effect their remediation.

Main features

Special sessions on ‘Contaminated sites—Cases, remediation, risk and policy’ were held at the DIOXIN conferences in 2006 and 2007, and this theme will be continued at DIOXIN 2008 to be held in Birmingham. Selected cases from the approximately 70 contributions made to these sessions, together with some additional invited case studies are outlined together with the key issues they raise. By evaluating these cases and adding details of experiences published in the current literature, an overview will be given of the different features and challenges of dioxin and POP-contaminated sites.

Results

This article provides a systematic categorisation of types of PCDD/F and POP-contaminated sites. These are categorised according to the chemical or manufacturing process, which generated the PCDD/Fs or POPs and also includes the use and disposal aspects of the product life cycle in question. The highest historical PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination burdens have arisen as a result of the production of chlorine and of chlorinated organic chemicals. In particular, the production of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and the related contaminated waste streams are identified being responsible for historical releases of toxic equivalents (TEQs) at a scale of many tonnes. Along with such releases, major PCDD/F contaminated sites have been created through the application or improper disposal of contaminated pesticides, PCBs and other organochlorine chemicals, as well through the recycling of wastes and their attempted destruction. In some extreme examples, PCDD/F contaminated sites have also resulted from thermal processes such as waste incinerators, secondary metal industries or from the recycling or deposition of specific waste (e.g. electronic waste or car shredder wastes), which often contain chlorinated or brominated organic chemicals. The examples of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB contamination of fish in European rivers or the impact of contaminated sites upon fishing grounds and upon other food resources demonstrate the relevance of these historical problems to current and future human generations. Many of the recent food contamination problems that have emerged in Europe and elsewhere demonstrate how PCDD/F and dioxin like PCBs from historical sources can directly contaminate human and animal feedstuffs and indeed highlight their considerable contemporary relevance in this respect. Accordingly, some key experiences and lessons learnt regarding the production, use, disposal and remediation of POPs from the contaminated sites are summarised.

Discussion

An important criterion for evaluating the significance and risks of PCDD/Fs and other POPs at contaminated sites is their present or future potential for mobility. This, in turn, determines to a large degree their propensity for off-site transport and environmental accessibility. The detailed evaluation of contaminated site cases reveals different site-specific factors, which influence the varied pathways through which poor water-soluble POPs can be mobilised. Co-contaminants with greater water solubility are also typically present at such sites. Hence, pumping of groundwater (pump and treat) is often required in addition to attempting to physically secure a site. At an increasing number of contaminated sites, securing measures are failing after relatively short time spans compared to the time horizon, which applies to persistent organic pollutant contamination. Due to the immense costs and challenges associated with remediation of contaminated sites ‘monitored natural attenuation’ is increasingly gaining purchase as a conceptual remediation approach. However, these concepts may well prove limited in their practical application to contaminated sites containing persistent organic pollutants and other key pollutants like heavy metals.

Conclusions

It is inevitable, therefore, that dioxin/POP-contaminated sites will remain of contemporary and future relevance. They will continue to represent an environmental issue for future generations to address. The securing and/or remediation of dioxin/POP-contaminated sites is very costly, generally in the order of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Secured landfills and secured production sites need to be considered as constructions not made for ‘eternity’ but built for a finite time scale. Accordingly, they will need to be controlled, supervised and potentially repaired/renewed. Furthermore, the leachates and groundwater impacted by these sites will require ongoing monitoring and potential further remediation. These activities result in high maintenance costs, which are accrued for decades or centuries and should, therefore, be compared to the fully sustainable option of complete remediation. The contaminated site case studies highlight that, while extensive policies and established funds for remediation exist in most of the industrialised western countries, even these relatively well-regulated and wealthy countries face significant challenges in the implementation of a remediation strategy. This highlights the fact that ultimately only the prevention of contaminated sites represents a sustainable solution for the future and that the Polluter Pays Principle needs to be applied in a comprehensive way to current problems and those which may emerge in the future.

Recommendations and perspectives

With the continuing shift of industrial activities in developing and transition economies, which often have poor regulation (and weak self-regulation of industries), additional global challenges regarding POPs and other contaminated sites may be expected. In this respect, a comprehensive application of the “polluter pays principle” in these countries will also be a key to facilitate the clean-up of contaminated areas and the prevention of future contaminated sites. The threats and challenges of contaminated sites and the high costs of securing/remediating the problems highlight the need for a comprehensive approach based upon integrated pollution prevention and control. If applied to all polluting (and potentially polluting) industrial sectors around the globe, such an approach will prove to be both the cheapest and most sustainable way to underpin the development of industries in developing and transition economies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Currently, there are only four unintentionally produced POPs in the Stockholm Convention list. However, PentaCBz is currently in the POPRC and other compounds are proposed or discussed as being unintentionally produced POPs (see Table 1). Other unintentionally produced compound classes are proposed for the evaluation of the TEF concept (Van den Berg et al. 2006) and should to be considered as UPOPs (see Table 1).

  2. For a comprehensive overview on the chlorine industry and emissions from the chlorine industry, see Stringer and Johnston (2001).

  3. The contemporary release of PCDD/F via pesticide production, however, is not clear. Wenborn et al. (1999) estimated the release of PCDD/F from pesticide production in Germany alone to be 160 to 26,500 g/year. The wide range of the estimation is indicative for the lack of data required for a more clear determination of emission factors from chemical production.

  4. The production of the majority of the intentionally produced POPs was stopped in the 1980s, and today, only DDT is produced in commercially significant amounts. Destruction of the remaining stockpiles and wastes, however, is a managerial challenge and a financial burden. For example, many electrical transformers containing or contaminated with PCBs remain in use, and it is estimated that about 4 million tonnes of such equipment will need environmentally sound waste management (OECD 2007) as it is decommissioned. With current total treatment costs of US $2,000 to 5,000 (including packing, transport and destruction) this would amount to an estimated US $8 to 20 billion to manage transformer-associated PCBs alone. A comparison to the US $550 million allocated GEF funding for the Stockholm Convention from 2003 to 2010 demonstrates the magnitude of the financial challenge to implement the PCB obligations of the Stockholm Convention by the target date of 2028.

  5. For example, the contribution of coplanar PCBs to total TEQ in fish (Scientific Committee on Food 2000), dairy products (Fürst 2001) or butter (Weiss et al. 2001; Santillo et al. 2003) amount, on average, to more than 50% in the Northern Hemisphere, while the PCB contribution to total TEQ is less in the Southern Hemisphere.

  6. If the contamination was mainly via food chain to the mothers or stems from exposure of the grandmothers during the decades, PCP were applied (see Fig. 2) and passed on perinatally warrants further evaluation.

  7. The recent food contamination from PCDD/F resulted from the use of contaminated HCl from Tessenderlo for the production of gelatine (Hoogenboom et al. 2006; Wilm 2007). This case demonstrates that contemporary PCDD/F release from the chlorine industry can lead to direct food contamination with PCDD/F and needs to be better controlled.

  8. In this respect, it must be emphasised that increased or continued use of chlorinated pesticides is taking place, particularly in developing countries (Mansour 2004), e.g. Pakistan and India (Sankar et al. 2006; Tariq et al. 2007), leading to increased risk of PCDD/F contamination of environment and food as, e.g. revealed by the recent PCDD/F contamination of guar gum from India by PCP (Community Reference Laboratory for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food 2007a, b). Regulations limiting the formation and release of PCDD/Fs from chlorinated pesticide manufacture and products and concomitant upgrades and control technologies are not applied and/or enforced in all countries (Mansour 2004; Sankar et al. 2006; Tariq et al. 2007).

  9. Unintentionally produced POPs (PCDD, PCDF, PCB and HCB) are normally formed in parallel in thermal and chemical processes (Weber et al. 2001; Kannan et al. 2000), and therefore, unintentionally produced HCB waste can be expected to contain also the other unintentionally produced PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs.

  10. The relevance of PCB conversion to PCDF can be seen, for example in the Belgium food crises (Covaci et al. 2002) and also for the Yusho and Yucheng incidents of high human exposure via contaminated oil in which PCDF from PCB contamination accounted for more than 50% of TEQ and today account for approximately 90% of the TEQ burdens of these populations (Masuda et al. 1986; Kajiwara et al. 2007).

  11. Another important contemporary waste management challenge with a high risk of PCDD/F release is the destruction of global POPs stockpiles (PCB and POPs pesticides) as required under the framework of the Stockholm Convention (www.pops.int). The destruction of such high chlorine and dioxin precursor containing waste will require comprehensive monitoring with respect to PCDD/F formation and emission from destruction facilities (Weber 2007b).

  12. In this process, 8% sodium chloride was added before roasting.

  13. A good overview on DNAPLs topics can be found on the website of the DNAPL group at Sheffield University http://www.dnapl.group.shef.ac.uk/main.htm

References

  • Allen R (2004) The dioxin war—truth and lies about a perfect poison. Pluto Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonov A, Gamera A, Dounyushkin V, Ligostaeva E (2007) The main regulations of the Ukrainian National implementation plan for the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants—problems and ways of their solution. 9th International HCH and Pesticides Forum, 20–22 September 2007, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova

  • Assmuth T, Jalonen P (2005) Risks and management of dioxin-like compounds in Baltic Sea fish—an integrated assessment. Nordic Council of Ministers, TemaNord 2005:568, Copenhagen

  • Baker J, Hites R (2000) Is combustion the major source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to the environment? A mass balance investigation. Env Sci Technol 34:2879–2886

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter K, Bacher R (1996) Dioxine. Verlag Chemie (VCH), Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Balzer W, Gaus H-M, Gaus C, Weber R, Schmitt-Biegel B, Urban U (2007) Remediation measures in a residential area highly contaminated with PCDD/PCDF, Arsenic and heavy metals as a result of industrial production in the early 19th century. Organohalogen Compounds 69:857–860

    Google Scholar 

  • Bao Z, Wang K, Kang J, Zhao L (1994) Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in pyrolysis residue of HCH. Environ Chem 13:409–414 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Binelli A, Ricciardi F, Provini F (2004) Present status of POP contamination in Lake Maggiore (Italy). Chemosphere 57:27–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birch GF, Harrington C, Symons RK, Hunt JW (2007) The source and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in sediments of Port Jackson, Australia. Mar Pollut Bull 54:295–308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brack W (2003) Effect-directed analysis: a promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures? Anal Bioanal Chem 377:397–407

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brack W, Klamer HJC, López de Alda MJ, Barceló D (2007) Effect-directed analysis of key toxicants in European river basins. A review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14(1):30–38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brack W, Schirmer K, Erdinger L, Hollert H (2005) Effect-directed analysis of mutagens and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase inducers in aquatic sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:2445–2458

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braga AMCB, Krauss T, Reis dos Santos CR, Mesquita de Souza P (2002) PCDD/F-contamination in a hexachlorocyclohexane waste site in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Chemosphere 46:1329–1333

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun W (1955) Chlorakne. Monographien zur Zeitschrift ,Berufsdermatosen’. Band 1, Habilitation, Universtät Heidelberg

  • Breivik K, Sweetman A, Pacynaa JM, Jones K (2002) Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners—a mass balance approach 1. Global production and consumption. Sci Tot Environ 290:181–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bühler C, Hauswirth M (2007) Grosse Gefahr—IWB wollen kein Wasser aus Muttenzer Hard. In: Baslerstab, 19.12.2007

  • Bunge M, Kahkonen MA, Ramisch W, Opel M, Vogler S, Walkow F, Salkinoia-Salonen M, Lechner U (2007) Biological activity in a heavily organohalogen-contaminated river sediment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14:3–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buser HR (1978) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: formation, occurrence and analysis of environmentally hazardous compounds. Ph.D Thesis. University Umea, Sweden

  • Cake EW Jr, Elston R, Humphrey K, Isphording WC, Rensel JE (2005) Dioxin and heavy-metal contamination of shellfish and sediments in St. Louis Bay, Mississippi and adjacent marine waters. J Shellf Res 24(1):227–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan JKY, Xing GH, Xu Y, Liang Y, Chen LX, Wu SC, Wong CKC, Leung CKM, Wong MH (2007) Body loadings and health risk assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans at an intensive electronic waste recycling site in China. Environ Sci Technol 41:7668–7674

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman PM, Hollert H (2006) Should the sediment quality triad become a tetrad, a pentad, or possibly even a hexad? J Soils Sediments 6:4–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Community Reference Laboratory for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food (2007a) Correlation between pentachlorophenol (PCP) and dioxins in contaminated guar gum from India. http://www.cvua-freiburg.de/pdf/dioxine/guar_gum_correlation_270807.pdf

  • Community Reference Laboratory for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food (2007b) Contamination of guar gum from India with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and dioxins. http://www.crl-freiburg.eu/dioxin/Guar%20Gum%20Evaluation.pdf

  • Cooney CM (1998) Researchers find large discrepancy between dioxin deposition and emissions. Environ Sci Technol 32:10A

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Covaci A, Ryan JJ, Schepens P (2002) Patterns of PCBs and PCDD/PCDFs in chicken and pork fat following a Belgian food contamination incident. Chemosphere 47:207–217

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Degler H-D, Uentzelmann D (eds) (1984) Supergift dioxin, Spiegel Buch. Rudolf Augstein GmbH Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany, p 68

  • De Voogt P, Brinkman UAT (1989) Production, properties and usage. In: Kimbrough RD, Jensen AA (eds) Halogenated biphenyls, terphenyls, naphthalenes, dibenzodioxins and related products. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • DiGangi J, Petrlík J (2005) The egg report. http://english.arnika.org/ipep/reports/GLOBAL_eggsreport.pdf

  • Dohmeier H-J, Janson E (1983) Vom Töten von Fliegen und Menschen. Rowolth Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH, Reinbek, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Eidgnössisches Departement des Innern (1997) Erläuterungen zur Verordnung über die Sanierung von belasteten Standorten (Altlasten-Verordnung; AltV), Bern 05.1997, pp 8–9

  • Eisenberg JNS, Bennett DH, McKone TE (1998) Chemical dynamics of persistent organic pollutants: a sensitivity analysis relating soil concentration levels to atmospheric emissions. Environ Sci Technol 32:115–123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission DG Environment (1999a) Compilation of EU dioxin exposure and health. Data task 4—human exposure. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/dioxin/pdf/task4.pdf

  • European Commission DG Environment (1999b) Annex 2—contribution of PCBs to total TEQ exposure. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/dioxin/pdf/task4annex2.pdf

  • European Commission (2006a) Thematic strategy for soil protection. Brussels, 22.9.2006, COM(2006)231 final. http://ec.europe.eu/environment/soil/pdf/com_2006_0231_en.pdf

  • European Commission (2006b) Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs

  • European Environment Agency (2007) Progress in management of contaminated sites (CSI 015). Assessment published Aug 2007

  • EU Water Framework Directive (2000) The EU water framework directive—integrated river basin management for Europe. Official Journal of the European Communities (OJ L 327) on 22 December 2000

  • Evers U, Wittsiepe J Hens-Bischoff G, Balzer W, Alger B, Urban U (1997) Human biomonitoring—studies of arsenic, lead and PCDD/F in inhabitants of a contaminated residential area. Gesundheitswesen 59:41–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Fattore E, Benfenati E, Mariani G, Fanelli R (1997) Patterns and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediments from the Venice Lagoon, Italy. Environ Sci Technol 31:1777–1784

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler H (2001) Global and local disposition of PCB. In: PCBs—recent advances in the environmental toxicology and health effects. University Press of Kentucky, Kentucky, pp 11–15

  • Fiedler H (2007) National PCDD/PCDF release inventories under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. Chemosphere 67:96–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler H, Hutzinger O, Welsch-Pausch K, Schmiedinger A (2000) Evaluation of the occurrence of PCDD/PCDF and POPs in wastes and their potential to enter the foodchain. Study on behalf of the European Commission, DG Environment. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/dioxin/pdf/001_ubt_final.pdf

  • Five Winds International (2001) Toxic and hazardous materials in electronics. Report for Environment Canada. http://www.fivewinds.com/uploadedfiles_shared/ITHazardousMat.pdf

  • FOEN Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (2008) PCB in Fischen: Erste Sitzung der Arbeitsgruppe in Bern. http://www.news.admin.ch/message/index.html?lang=de&msg-id=18080

  • Forter M (2000) Farbenspiel—ein Jahrhundert Umweltnutzung durch die Basler chemische Industrie. Zurich, Switzerland

  • Forter M (2006) Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in chemical landfills of the Basel chemical industry. Organohalog Compd 68:886–889

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forter M (2007) Chemiemüll und Trinkwasser in Muttenz 1957–2007. Studie im Auftrag des Forums besorgter TrinkwasserkonsumentInnen (FbTK) und Greenpeace. Basel, Switzerland, 12.2.2007

  • Forter M, Walther J-L (2004) Gutachten über das Sanierungsprojekt der Basler Chemischen Industrie (BCI)/IG DIB für die Chemiemülldeponie Bonfol (DIB). http://info.greenpeace.ch/de/chemie/altlasten/index

  • Frankki S, Persson Y, Shchukarev A, Tysklind M, Skyllberg U (2007) Partitioning of CP, PCPP, PCDE and PCDD/F between dissolved and particulate organic matter at three industrial sites with chlorophenol preservative contamination. Environ Pollut 148(1):182–190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friege H, Klos H (1990) Historical development of sediment contamination in an industrialized area—I PCDDs and PCDFs in river sediments. Organohalog Compd 1:521–525

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fürst P (2001) Contribution of dioxin-like PCB to total toxic equivalents of dairy products. Organohalog Compds 51:279–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerbersdorf SU, Jancke T, Westrich B (2007) Sediment properties for assessing the erosion risk of contaminated riverine sites. J Soils Sediments 7:25–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon RA (1996) Waging the war Against DNAPLs. http://www.asti-env.com/dnapl.html. Cited January 1996

  • Götz R (1986) Chemismus der dioxinhaltigen Sickeröle der Deponie Georgswerder/Hamburg. Müll Abfall 1:2–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Götz R, Steiner B, Friesel P, Roth K, Walkow F, Maa V, Reincke H, Stachel B (1998) Dioxin (PCDD/F) in the river Elbe—investigation of their origin by multivariant statistical methods. Chemosphere 37:1987–2002

    Google Scholar 

  • Götz R, Bauer O-H, Friesel P, Herrmann T, Jantzen E, Kutzke M, Lauer R, Paepke O, Roch K, Rohweder U, Schwartz R, Sievers S, Stachel B (2007) Vertical profile of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs, other PCBs, PAHs, chlorobenzenes, DDX, HCHs, organotin compounds and chlorinated ethers in dated sediment/soil cores from flood-plains of the river Elbe, Germany. Chemosphere 67:592–603

    Google Scholar 

  • Goovaerts P, Trinh HT, Demond AH, Towey T, Chang S-C, Gwinn D, Hong B, Franzblau A, Garabrant D, Gillespie BW, Lepkowski J, Adriaens P (2008) Geostatistical modeling of the spatial distribution of soil dioxin in the vicinity of an incinerator. 2. Verification and calibration study. Environ Sci Technol 42(10):3655–3661

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grochowalski A, Lassen C, Holtzer M, Sadowski M, Hudyma T (2007) Determination of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and HCB emissions from the metallurgical sector in Poland. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14:326–332

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerzoni S, Rossini P, Sarretta A, Raccanelli S, Ferrari G, Molinaroli E (2007) POPs in the Lagoon of Venice: budgets and pathways. Chemosphere 67:1776–1785

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustavsson L, Hollert H, Jonsson S, van Bavel B, Engwall M (2007) Reed beds receiving industrial sludge containing nitroaromatic compounds—effects of outgoing water and bed material extracts in the umu-C genotoxicity assay, DR-CALUX assay and on early life stage development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Sci Pollut Res 14:202–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagenmaier H, Brunner H, Haag R, Berchtold A (1986) PCDDs and PCDFs in sewage sludge, river and lake sediments form South West Germany. Chemosphere 15:1421–1428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagenmaier H, She J, Lindig C (1992) Persistence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in contaminated soil at Maulach and Rastatt in southwest Germany. Chemosphere 25:1449–1456

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrad SJ, Jones KC (1992) A source inventory and budget for chlorinated dioxins and furans in the United Kingdom environment. Sci Total Environ 126:89–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser R, Williams P, Altshul L, Korrick S, Peeples L, Patterson Jr DG, Turner WE, Lee MM, Revich B, Sergeyev O (2005) Predictors of serum dioxin levels among adolescent boys in Chapaevsk, Russia: a cross-sectional pilot study. Environ Health 4:8–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinisch E, Kettrup A, Bergheim W, Wenzel S (2004) Persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons, source-oriented monitoring in aquatic media. 1. Methods of data processing and evaluation. Fresenius Environ Bull 15(3):148–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinisch E, Kettrup A, Bergheim W, Martens D, Wenzel S (2006a) Persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons, source-oriented monitoring in aquatic media. 4. The chlorobenzenes. Fresenius Environ Bull 15(3):148–169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinisch E, Kettrup A, Bergheim W, Martens D, Wenzel S (2006b) Persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons, source-oriented monitoring in aquatic media. 5. The Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Fresenius Environ Bull 15(11):1344–1362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinisch E, Kettrup A, Bergheim W, Wenzel S (2007) Persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons, source-oriented monitoring in aquatic media. 6. Strikingly high contaminated sites. Fresenius Environ Bull 16(10):1248–1273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilscherova K, Kannan K, Nakata H, Hanari N, Yamashita N, Bradley PW, McCabe JM, Taylor AM, Giesy JP (2003) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran concentration profiles in sediments and flood-plain soils of the Tittabawassee River, Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 37:468–474

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann T, Wendelborn A (2007) Colloid facilitated transport of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) to the groundwater at Ma Da Area, Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14:223–224

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollert H, Haag I, Dürr M, Wetterauer B, Holtey-Weber R, Kern U, Westrich B, Färber H, Erdinger L, Braunbeck T (2003) Investigations of the ecotoxicological hazard potential and risk of erosion of contaminated sediments in lock-regulated rivers. Umweltwiss Schadst Forsch 15:5–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollert H, Duerr M, Haag I, Woelz J, Hilscherova K, Blaha L, Gerbersdorf S (2007a) Influence of hydrodynamics on sediment ecotoxicity. In: Westrich B, Foerstner U (eds) Sediment hydraulics and pollutant mobility in rivers. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 401–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollert H, Heise S, Keiter S, Heininger P, Förstner U (2007b) Wasserrahmenrichtlinie—Fortschritt und Defizite [Water framework directive—progress and deficiencies]. Umweltwiss Schadst Forsch 19:58–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes SJ, Jones KC, Miller CE (1994) PCDD/PCDF contamination of the environment at Bolsover UK. Organohalog Compd 24:373–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes SJ, Green N, Lohmann R, Jones KC (1998) Concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs in soil around a point source. Organohalog Compd 39:257–260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogenboom LAP, Kan CA, Bovee TFH, Van der Weg G, Onstenk C, Traag WA (2004) Residues of dioxins and PCBs in fat of growing pigs and broilers fed contaminated feed. Chemosphere 57:35–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoogenboom LAP, Van Eijkeren JCH, Zeilmaker MJ, Mengelers MJB, Herbes R, Traag WA (2006) A novel source for dioxins present in waste fat from gelatine production. Organohalog Compd 68:193–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huwe JK, Davison K, Feil VJ, Larsen G, Lorentzsen M, Zaylskie R, Tiernan TO (2004) Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in cattle raised at agricultural research facilities across the USA and the influence of pentachlorophenol-treated wood. Food Addit Contam 21(2):182–194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IPEN International POPs Elimination Network (2004) Comments on the standardized toolkit for identification and quantification of dioxin and furan releases. http://www.ipen.org/ipenweb/library/4_2_dpcbw_doc_9.html. Cited 31 March 2004)

  • Ishii K, Furuichi T (2005) Proposal of biological and physico-chemical treatment systems for dioxins-contaminated soils. Organohalogen Compds 67:1020–1023

    Google Scholar 

  • Isosaari P, Kohonen T, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T (2000) Assessment of levels, distribution, and risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the vicinity of a vinyl chloride monomer production plant. Environ Sci Technol 34:2684–2689

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isosaari P, Kankaanpää H, Mattila J, Kiviranta H, Verta M, Salo S, Vartiainen T (2002a) Spatial distribution and temporal accumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in the Gulf of Finland. Environ Sci Technol 36:2560–2565

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isosaari P, Kankaanpää H, Mattila J, Kiviranta H, Verta M, Salo S, Vartiainen T (2002b) Amounts and sources of PCDD/Fs in the Gulf of Finland. Organohalog Compd 59:195–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen HR, Alexander J, Rossland OJ, Planting S, Levik M, Gaarder PI, Gdynia W, Bjerve KS, Becher G (1996) PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in human blood in relation to consumption of crabs from a contaminated Fjord area in Norway. Environ Health Persp 104:756–764

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson GW, Hansen LG, Hamilton MC, Fowler B, Hermanson MH (2008) PCB, PCDD and PCDF congener profiles in two types of Aroclor 1254. Environ Toxicol Phar 25:156–163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jun J, Hao P, Tang X (2004) An inventory of potential PCDD and PCDF emission sources in the mainland of China. Organohlog Compd 66:852–858

    Google Scholar 

  • Jürgens H-J, Roth R (1989) Case study and proposed decontamination steps of the soil and groundwater beneath a closed herbicide plant in Germany. Chemosphere 18:1163–1169

    Google Scholar 

  • Kajiwara J, Todaka T, Hirakawa H, Hori T, Inoue S, Tobiishi K, Onozuka D, Takao Y, Nakagawa R, Iida T, Yoshimura T, Furue M (2007) Time trend of concentrations of dioxin like-PCBs, PCDFs and PCDDs in blood of Yusho patients. Organohalog Comp 69:91–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang Y-S, Taniuchi T, Masunaga S, Nakanishi J (2000) Temporal trend of PCDDs/DFs and dioxin-like PCBs in preserved fish samples from 1953 to 1999. Organohalog Compd 46:318–321

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan K, Imagawa T, Blankenship A, Giesy JP (2000) Isomer-specific analysis and toxic evaluation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in soil, sediment, and biota collected near the site of a former chlor-alkali plant. Environ Sci Technol 32:2507–2514

    Google Scholar 

  • Karouna-Renier NK, Rao RK, Lanza JJ, Davis DA, Wilson PA (2007) Serum profiles of PCDDs and PCDFs in individuals near the Escambia Wood Treating Company Superfund site in Pensacola, FL. Chemosphere 69:1312–1319

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamoto K (2002) New sources of dioxins in industrial processes and their influences on water quality. Organohalogen Compds 56:229–232

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keiter S, Grund S, Böttcher M, van Bavel B, Engwall M, Kamman U, Klempt M, Manz W, Olsman H, Seitz N, Wurm K, Braunbeck T, Hollert H (2008) Activities and identification of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in sediments from the Danube river. Anal Bioanal Chem 390:2009–2019

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keiter S, Rastall A, Kosmehl T, Erdinger L, Braunbeck T, Hollert H (2006) Ecotoxicological assessment of sediment, suspended matter and water samples in the upper Danube river. A pilot study in search for the causes for the decline of fish catches. Environ Sci Pollut Res 13:308–319

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiefer DM (2002) It was all about alkali. Today’s Chem Work 11:45–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim K-S, Kim J-G, Shin S-K, Chung I-R, Kim K-S, Song B-J, Jeong M-J (2006) Levels and congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in the environmental media in the vicinity of the waste incinerator, South Korea. Organohalog Compd 68:2264–2267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura K, Kikuchi Y, Watanabe S, Waechter G, Sakurai H, Takada T (2000) Health effects of chronic exposure to PCDD, PCDF and coplanar PCB of municipal waste incinerator worker. J Epidem 10(4):262–270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjeller LO, Rappe C (1995) Time trends in levels, patterns and profiles for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in a sediment core from the Baltic Proper. Environ Sci Technol 29:346–355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleopfer RD (1985) 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD contamination in Missouri. Chemosphere 14:739–744

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knutzen J, Oehme M (1989) Polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) levels in organisms and sediments from the Frierfjord, southern Norway. Chemosphere 19:1897–1909

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosmehl T, Krebs F, Manz W, Braunbeck T, Hollert H (2007) Differentiation between bioavailable and total hazard potential of sediment Induced DNA fragmentation as measured by the comet assay with zebrafish embryos. J Soils Sediments 7(6):377–387

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunisue T, Watanabe M, Iwata H, Subramanian A, Monirith I, Minh TB, Baburajendran R, Tana TS, Viet PH, Prudente M, Tanabe S (2004) Dioxins and related compounds in human breast milk collected around open dumping sites in Asian developing countries: bovine milk as a potential source. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 47:414–426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunisue T, Ohtake M, Someya M, Subramanian A, Chakraborty P, Tanabe S (2006) Persistent organic pollutants in human breast milk collected around the open dumping site in Kolkata, India. Organohalog Compd 68:1619–1622

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahl U (2005) In die Pfanne gehauen—die Altlasten aus der Hochzeit der Chlorchemie sind für die heutige Dioxinbelastung von Freilandeiern verantwortlich. Müllmagazin 1:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahl U, Wilken M, Zeschmar-Lahl B, Jager J (1991) PCDD/PCDF balance of different waste management methods. Chemosphere 23:1481–1489

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenk S (2007) Einfluss der Dioxinkontamination im Futter auf die Belastung im Schweinefett. PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München

  • Leung AOW, Luksemburg WJ, Wong A, Wong MH (2007) Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China. Environ Sci Technol 41:2730–2737

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Yu L, Sheng G, Fu J, Peng P (2007) Severe PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in air around an electronic waste dismantling area in China. Environ Sci Technol 41:5641–5646

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Llerena JJ, Abad E, Caixach J, Rivera J (2003) An episode of dioxin contamination in feeding stuff: the choline chloride case. Chemosphere 53(6):679–683

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovett AA, Foxall CD, Ball DJ, Creaser CS (1998) The Panteg monitoring project: comparing PCB and dioxin concentrations in the vicinity of industrial facilities. J Hazard Mater 61:175–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz G, Otto W, Schönberger H (1991) Neue Altlast—hochgradig mit polychlorierten Dibenzofuranen belastete Rückstände aus der Chlorerzeugung gelangten jahrzentelang in die Umwelt. Müllmagazin 4(3):55–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Malisch R (2000) Increase of the PCDD/F-contamination of milk, butter and meat samples by use of contaminated citrus pulp. Chemosphere 40:1041–1053

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malisch R, van Leeuwen R (2003) Results of the WHO-coordinated exposure study on the levels of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in human milk. Organohalog Compd 64:140–143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malisch R, Gleadle A, Wright C (1999) PCDD/F in meat samples from domestic farm animals and game. Organohalog Compd 43:265–268

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour SA (2004) Pesticide exposure—Egyptian scene. Toxicology 198(1–3):91–115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matter M (2007) Indizien werden immmer deutlicher—die Muttenzer Deponien beeinflussen die Trinkwasserreserven in der Hard. Basler-Zeitung, 19.12.2007

  • Masuda Y, Kuroki H, Haraguchi K, Nagayama J (1986) PCDFs and related compounds in humans from Yusho and Yu-Cheng incidents. Chemosphere 15:1621–1628

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masunaga S (1999) Toward a time trend analysis of dioxin emission and exposure. Proceeding of the 2nd international workshop on risk evaluation and management of chemicals. Yokohama, 28.1.1999, pp 1–10

  • Masunaga S (2004) Trend and sources of dioxin pollution in Tokyo Bay, estimated based on the statistical analyses of congener specific data. China–Japan–Korea symposium on environmental analytical chemistry, October 18–21 2004, Beijing, China, pp 127–131

  • Masunaga S, Takasuga T, Nakanishi J (2001) Dioxin and dioxin-like PCB impurities in some Japanese agrochemical formulations. Chemosphere 44:873–885

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehag AA, Osborn D (1995) Dioxin release from chemical accidents. Nature 375:353–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza G, Gutierrez L, Pozo-Gallardo K, Fuentes-Rios D, Montory M, Urrutia R, Barra R (2006) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in mussels along the Chilean Coast. Environ Sci Pollut Res 13:67–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer H, Neupert M, Pump W (1993) Flammschutzmittel entscheiden über die Wiederverwertbarkeit. Kunststoffe 83:253–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Micheletti C, Critto A, Marcomini A (2007) Assessment of ecological risk from bioaccumulation of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in a coastal lagoon. Environ Int 33:45–55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of the Environment Japan (2004) Dioxin emission inventory 2004. http://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2005/1125a.html

  • Ministry of the Environment Japan (2006) Dioxin emission inventory 2006. http://www.env.go.jp/press/press.php?serial=9180

  • Mocarelli P (2001) Seveso: a teaching story. Chemosphere 43:391–402

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montague P (2006) The modern approach to problems: prevention. Rachel’s Democracy & Health News #845. http://www.precaution.org/lib/06/why_pp_now.060309.htm

  • New South Wales Government (2008) Sydney Harbour seafood and dioxins. http://www.foodauthority.nsw.gov.au/consumer/c-dioxins.asp

  • Nishimura H, Kumagai M (1983) Mercury pollution of fishes in Minamata Bay and surrounding water analysis of pathway of mercury. Water, Air, Soil Pollut 20:401–411

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2007) Guidance manual for the implementation of the OECD recommendation C (2004)100 on environmentally sound management (ESM) of waste. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/31/39559085.pdf

  • Oehme M, Manø S, Bjerke B (1989) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by production processes for magnesium and refined nickel. Chemosphere 18:1379–1389

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsman H, Hagberg J, Kalbin G, Julander A, van Bavel B, Strid A, Tysklind M, Engwall M (2006) Ah receptor agonists in UV-exposed toluene solutions of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) and in soils contaminated with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Environ Sci Pollut Res 13:161–169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsman H, Schnürer A, Björnfoth H, van Bavel B, Engwall M (2007) Fractionation and determination of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists in organic waste after anaerobic biodegradation and in batch experiments with PCB and decaBDE. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14(Special Issue 1):36–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otto W, Schönberger H, Burger D, Weber R (2006) Case study on remediation of a German city contaminated by a chloralkali plant and PCP production. Organohalog Compd 68:880–885

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orica Transformation Project (2008) http://www.oricabotanytransformation.com/index.asp

  • Persson NJ, Cousins IT, Molvaer J, Broman D, Naes K (2006) Modelling the long-term fate of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in the Grenland Fjords, Norway. Sci Total Environ 369:188–202

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persson Y, Lundstedt S, Öberg L, Tysklind M (2007) Levels of chlorinated compounds (CPs, PCPPs, PCDEs, PCDFs and PCDDs) in soils at contaminated sawmill sites in Sweden. Chemosphere 66:234–242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persson Y, Shchukarev A, Öberg L, Tysklind M (2008) Dioxins, chlorophenols and other chlorinated organic pollutants in colloidal and water fractions of groundwater from a contaminated sawmill site. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi:10.1007/s11356-008-0014-3

  • Pless-Mulloli T, Edwards R, Päpke O, Schilling B (2000) Report on the analysis of PCDD/PCDF and heavy metals in footpath and soil samples related to the Byker incinerator. Report by the University of Newcastle. http://www.banwaste.org.uk/docs/Newcastle%20University%20Report%20Byker%20Ash%20on%20Footpaths%202000.pdf

  • Pless-Mulloli T, Edwards R. Päpke O, Schilling B (2001) PCDD/PCDF and heavy metals in soil and egg samples from Newcastle allotments. Report by the University of Newcastle. http://www.banwaste.org.uk/docs/Newcastle%20University%20Report%20Byker%20Ash%20on%20Footpaths%202000.pdf

  • Quaß U, Fermann M, Bröker G (2004) The European dioxin air emission inventory project—final results. Chemosphere 54:1319–1327

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabe A, Lester S (2005) 25th Anniversary of Superfund, America’s Safety Net in Crisis. http://www.besafenet.com/NarrativeSuperfundReport.pdf

  • Rappe C, Glas B, Kjeller L-O, Kulp SE (1990) Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in products and effluents from the Swedish pulp and paper industry and chlor-alkalii process. Chemosphere 20:1701–1706

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rappe C, Kjeller L-O, Kulp SE, de Wit C (1991) Levels, profile and pattern of PCDDs and PCDFs in samples related to the production and use of chlorine. Chemosphere 23:1629–1636

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renner R (2006) Arsenic and old landfills. Environ Sci Technol 40(1):5–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Revich B, Shelepchikov A (2007) Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) hot spots in Russia. In: The fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment. Springer, The Netherlands, pp 113–126

  • Revich B, Sergeyev O, Zeilert V, Hauser R (2004) Environmental dioxin contamination in Chapaevsk, Russia: an evaluation of potential human health risks. Organohalog Compd 66:3234–3239

    Google Scholar 

  • Rügner H, Finkel M, Kaschl A, Bittens M (2006) Application of monitored natural attenuation in contaminated land management—a review and recommended approach for Europe. Environ Sci Pol 9(6):568–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruus A, Berge JA, Bergstad OA, Knutsen JA, Hylland K (2006) Disposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in two Norwegian epibenthic marine food webs. Chemosphere 62:1856–1868

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakurai T, Weber R, Ueno S, Nishino J, Tanaka M (2003) Relevance of coplanar-PCBs for TEQ emission of fluidized bed incineration and impact of emission control devices. Chemosphere 53:619–625

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sankar TV, Zynudheen AA, Anandan R, Viswanathan Nai PG (2006) Distribution of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metal residues in fish and shellfish from Calicut region, Kerala, India. Chemosphere 65(4):583–590

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santillo D, Johnston P (2006) Effect thresholds and ‘adequate control’ of risks—the fatal flaws in the EU Council’s position on authorisation within REACH. Environ Sci Pollut Res 13:425–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Santillo D, Fernandes A, Stringer R, Alcock R, Rose M, White S, Jones K, Johnston P (2003) Butter as an indicator of regional persistent organic pollutant contamination—further development of the approach using polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Food Addit Contam 20(3):281–290

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sapien J (2007) Superfund today—massive undertaking to clean up hazardous waste sites has lost both momentum and funding. Center for Public Integrity. http://www.publicintegrity.org/Superfund/report.aspx?aid=851#

  • Schecter A (eds) (1994) Dioxins and health. Plenum, New York

  • Schmid P, Gujer E, Zennegg M, Studer C (2003) Temporal and local trends of PCDD/F levels in cow’s milk in Switzerland. Chemosphere 53:129–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnittger P (2001) Sanierung der Deponie Georgswerder in Hamburg in Handbuch der Altlastensanierung, RdNr. 7. C. F. Müller Verlag, Hüthig GmbH & Co. KG Heidelberg

  • Scholz B, Engler M (1987) Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in wastes of technical hexachlorocyclohexane. Chemosphere 16:1829–1834

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab K, Brack W (2007) Large volume TENAX® extraction of the bioaccessible fraction of sediment-associated organic compounds for a subsequent effect-directed analysis. J Soils Sediments 7(4):178–186

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz R, Gerth J, Neumann-Hensel H, Förstner U (2006) Assessment of highly polluted Fluvisol in the Spittelwasser floodplain based on national guideline values and MNA-criteria. J Soils Sediments 6(3):145–155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SC Stockholm Convention (2001) http://www.pops.int

  • Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention (2006) Guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices. Revised draft, Geneva, December 2006. http://www.pops.int

  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) (2000) Opinion on the risk assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food. SCF/CS/CNTM/DIOXIN/8 Final

  • Seike N, Otani T, Ueji M, Takasuga T, Tsuzuki N (2003) Temporal change of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls source in paddy soils. J Environ Chem 13:117–131 (in Japanese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seike N, Kashiwagi N, Otani T (2007) PCDD/F Contamination over time in Japanese paddy soils. Environ Sci Technol 41(7):2210–2215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiler TB, Rastall AC, Leist E, Erdinger L, Braunbeck T, Hollert H (2006) Membrane dialysis extraction (MDE)—a novel approach for extracting toxicologically relevant hydro-phobic organic compounds from soils and sediments for assessment in biotests. J Soils Sediments 6:20–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen CF, Huang SB, Wang Z, Qiao M, Tang X, Nayu C, Shi D, Zhu Y, Yanshi J, Chen X, Setty K, Chen Y (2008) Identification of Ah receptor agonists in soil of e-waste recycling sites from Taizhou area in China. Environ Sci Technol 42:49–55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stachel B, Christoph EH, Götz R, Herrmann T, Krüger F, Kühn T, Lay L, Löffler J, Päpke O, Reincke H, Schröter-Kermani C, Schwartz R, Steeg E, Stehr D, Uhlig S, Umlauf G (2007) Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in different fish from the river Elbe and its tributaries, Germany. J Hazard Mater 147:199–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Stellmann MJ, Stellmann SD, Christian R, Weber T, Tomasallo C (2003) The extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. Nature 422:681–687

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer R, Johnston P (2001) Chlorine and the environment—an overview on the chlorine industry. Kluwer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Survey of sources of unintentionally produced substances. Report for the Swedish Government

  • Sundqvist K, Tysklind M, Cato I, Wiberg K (2006) Spatial distribution and profiles of dioxins in surface sediment from the Baltic Sea. Organohalog Compd 68:444–447

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takasuga T, Kumar KS, Noma Y, Sakai S (2005) Chemical characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls, -dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -dibenzofurans in technical kanechlor PCB formulations in Japan. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 49:385–395

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takata T (2003) Survey on the health effects of chronic exposure to dioxins and its accumulation on workers of a municipal solid waste incinerator, rural part of Osaka Prefecture, and the results of extended survey afterwards. Ind Health 41:189–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tariq MI, Afzal S, Hussain I, Sultana N (2007) Pesticides exposure in Pakistan—a review. Environ Int 33(8):1107–1122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tasaki T, Takasuga T, Osako M, Sakai S (2004) Substance flow analysis of brominated flame retardants and related compounds in waste TV sets in Japan. Waste Manage 24:571–580

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tawara K, Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Kido T, Naganuma R, Suzuki H, Hung TM, Thom LTH, Dung PT, Nhu D (2006) Areal differences of concentration levels of PCDD and PCDF in human breast milk from Vietnam and Japan. Organohalog Compd 68:1655–1658

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theisen J, Maulshagen A, Fuchs J (1993) Organic and inorganic substances in the copper slag ‘Kieselrot’. Chemosphere 26:881–896

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thacker NP, Nitnaware VC, Das SK, Devotta S (2007) Dioxin formation in pulp and paper mills of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14:225–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TNO (1999) Monitored natural attenuation: review of existing guidelines and protocols. TNO-MEP-R 99/313. http://www.nicole.org/news/downloads/RAPPORT%2099-313%20COMPLEET+KAFT.PDF

  • Torres JPM, Leite C, Krauss T, Weber R (2008) A contaminated site from the chlorine/organochlorine industry as source of PCDD/F contamination of citrus pulp pellets used as animal feed in Europe during the late 1990’s. Organohalogen Compd 70, accepted

  • Treue W (1967) Die Entwicklung der chemischen Industrie von 1770 bis 1870. Chemie Ing Techn 39(17):1002–1008

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turrio-Baldassarri L, Abate V, Alivernini S, Battistelli CL, Carasi S, Casella M, Iacovella N, Iamiceli AL, Indelicato L, Scarcella C, La Rocca C (2007) A study on PCB, PCDD/PCDF industrial contamination in a mixed urban-agricultural area significantly affecting the food chain and the human exposure. Part I: soil and feed. Chemosphere 67:1822–1830

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tysklind M, Persson Y, Frankki S, Öberg L, Skyllberg U (2006) Chlorophenol sites in Sweden—major dioxin reservoir with complex contamination pattern. Organohalog Compd 68:895–898

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UBA (German Environmental Agency) (1985) Sachstand Dioxine, pp 21–24

  • UNEP (1999) Dioxin and furan inventories—national and regional emissions of PCDD/PCDF. In: Fiedler H, Report by UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland, May 1999

  • UNEP (2002) Global mercury assessment. Report by UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland, December 2002, p 129. http://www.chem.unep.ch/MERCURY/

  • UNEP (2005a) Standardized toolkit for identification and quantification of dioxin and furan releases, 2nd edn. UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland, February 2005. http://www.pops.int/documents/guidance/

  • UNEP (2005b) E-waste, the hidden side of IT equipment's manufacturing and use. Environment Alert Bulletin 5, January 2005. http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/download/ew_ewaste.en.pdf

  • UNIDO (2006) National Implementation Plan India, 12 June 2006, Appendices, p.92. http://www.gefweb.org/uploadedFiles/Documents/Council_Documents_(PDF_DOC)/GEF_31/UNIDO%20India%20NIP%20Annexes-final22Mar07.pdf

  • Universität Bayreuth, Tritschler & Partner GmbH (1995) Dioxin-Bilanz für Hamburg, p 21. http://fhh.hamburg.de/stadt/Aktuell/behoerden/wissenschaft-gesundheit/hygiene-umwelt/umwelt/chemikalien/dioxinbilanz-zusammenfassung-pdf,property=source.pdf

  • US EPA (1991) PCB, lead and cadmium levels in shredder waste materials: a pilot study. EPA 560/5-90-00BA, April 1991

  • US EPA (1994) Estimating exposure to dioxin-like compounds, vol 1–3. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, EPA/6006-88/005, Washington

  • US EPA (2003) http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/dioxin/nas-review/pdfs/part1_vol1/dioxin_pt1_vol1_ch08_dec2003.pdf

  • Van den Berg M, Birnbaum LS, Denison M, De Vito M, Farland W, Feeley M, Fiedler H, Hakansson H, Hanberg A, Haws L, Rose M, Safe S, Schrenk D, Tohyama C, T, ritscher A, Tuomisto J, Tysklind M, Walker N, Peterson RE (2006) The 2005 World Health Organization re-evaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol Sci 93(2):223–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Verta M, Salo S, Korhonen M, Kiviranta H, Assmuth T, Koistinen J, Ruokojärvi P, Isosaari Bergqvist P-A, Tysklind M, Cato I (2007) Dioxin concentrations in sediments of the Baltic Sea—a survey of existing data. Chemosphere 67:1762–1775

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vijgen J, Yi LF, Forter M, Lal R, Weber R (2006) The legacy of lindane and technical HCH production. Organohalog Compd 68:899–904

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson A (2001) Comments on the ‘Report on the analysis of PCDD/PCDF and heavy metals in soil and egg samples related to the Byker incinerator’. http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/files/pdfs/migrated/MultimediaFiles/Live/FullReport/3188.pdf

  • Weber R (2007a) 26th international symposium on halogenated environmental organic pollutants and POPs (Dioxin 2006). Environ Sci Pollut Res 14(1):72–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber R (2007b) Relevance of PCDD/PCDF formation for the evaluation of POPs destruction technologies—review on current status and assessment gaps. Chemosphere 67:109–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber R, Kuch B (2003) Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Environment International 29:699–710

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber R, Masunaga S (2005) PCDD/PCDF contamination from historical pesticide use and production—a case study using data from Japan and Germany. International HCH and Pesticides Forum, 26–28 May 2005, Sofia, Bulgaria. risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/masunaga/8thHCH_FORUM_Weber%20%20Masunaga.pdf

  • Weber R, Iino F, Imagawa T, Takeuchi M, Sakurai T, Sadakata (2001) Formation of PCDF, PCDD, PCB, and PCN in de novo synthesis from PAH: Mechanisms and correlation to fluidized bed incinerators. Chemosphere 44:1429–1438

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber R, Yoshida S, Miwa K (2002) PCB destruction in subcritical and supercritical water—evaluation of PCDF formation and initial steps of degradation mechanism. Environ Sci Technol 36(8):1833–1838

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber R, Behnisch PA, Brouwer A, van Bavel B, Lindstroem G, Zennegg M, Schilling B, Paepke O (2006a) Contemporary relevance of dioxin and dioxin-like compound contaminations in residues from recycling of HCH waste. Organohalog Compd 68:905–910

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber J, Kreutzmann J, Plantikow A, Pfitzner S, Claus E, Manz W, Heininger P (2006b) A novel particle contact assay with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ecotoxicological assessment of freshwater sediments. J Soils Sediments 6:84–91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber R, Tysklind M, Gaus C (2008) Dioxin—contemporary and future challenges of historical legacies (editorial, dedicated to Otto Hutzinger). Environ Sci Pollut Res 15(2):96–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidenbach T, Kerner I, Radek D (1984) Dioxin die chemische Zeitbombe. Verlag Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss J, Päpke O, Bergman A (2001) PCDDs/PCDFs and related contaminants in butter originating from 39 countries worldwide. Organohalog Compd 51:271–274

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenborn M, King K, Buckley-Golder D, Gascon J (1999) Releases of dioxins and furans to land and water in Europe. Final report. Report produced for Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany on behalf of European Commission DG Environment, September

  • Westrich B, Förstner U (2005) Sediment dynamics and pollutant mobility in rivers (SEDYMO) assessing catchment-wide emission-immission relationships from sediment studies. BMBF coordinated research project SEDYMO (2002–2006). J Soils Sediments 5:197–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilken M, Walkow F, Jager E, Zeschmar-Lahl B (1994) Flooding area and sediment contamination of the river Mulde (Germany) with PCDD/F and other organic pollutants. Chemosphere 29:2237–2252

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilken M, Martin G, Lamparski L, Denney P, Baker B (2006a) Pattern recognition in floodplain samples. Organohalog Compd 68:22371–2374

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilken M, Martin G, Lamparski L, Hescott T, Mendyk K, Wallbaum U (2006b) PCDF formation from dibenzofuran in artificial brine. Organohalog Compd 68:844–847

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilm KH (2007) Our food—database of food and related sciences. http://www.ourfood.com/OurFood.pdf

  • Wölz J, Engwall M, Maletz S, Olsmann H, van Bavel B, Kammann U, Klempt, M, Weber R, Braunbeck T, Hollert H (2008) Changes in toxicity and dioxin-like activity of suspended particulate matter during flood events at the rivers Neckar and Rhine. Environ Sci Pollut Res (in press)

  • Wong MH, Wu SC, Deng WJ, Yu XZ, Luo Q, Leung AOW, Wong CSC, Luksemburg WJ, Wong AS (2007) Export of toxic chemicals—a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling. Environ Pollut 149:131–140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu WZ, Schramm K-W, Xu Y, Kettrup A (2001) Accumulation and partition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in the muscle and liver of fish. Chemosphere 43:633–641

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wycisk P, Neumann Ch, Gossel W (2005) Flooding induced effects from the mining lake Goitzsche on the groundwater situation and sensitivity of land-use units in the Bitterfeld area. Acta Hydroch Hydrob 33(5):507–518

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y, Zhang Q, Wu W, Li W (2000) Patterns and levels of PCDD/F in a Chinese graphite electrode sludge. Chinese Sci Bull 45(16):1471–1476

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young AL (2006) Enhanced co-metabolism of TCDD in the presence of high concentrations of phenoxy herbicides. Environ Sci Pollut Res 13:149–150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young AL, Van Houten WJ, Andrews WB (2008) 2nd Agent Orange and dioxin remediation workshop. Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18–20 June 2007. Environ Sci Pollut Res 15(2):113–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu X., Zennegg M, Engwall M., Rotander A, Larsson M, Wong MH, Weber R (2008) E-waste recycling heavily contaminates a Chinese city with chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins. Organohalog Compd 70, accepted

  • Zennegg M, Kohler M, Hartmann PC, Sturm M, Gujer E, Schmid P, Gerecke AC, Heeb NV, Kohler HPE, Giger W (2007) The historical record of PCB and PCDD/F deposition at Greifensee, a lake of the Swiss plateau, between 1848 and 1999. Chemosphere 57:1754–1761

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. POPs Environmental Consulting, Ulmenstrasse 3, 73035, Göppingen, Germany

    Roland Weber

  2. National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, 4108, Australia

    Caroline Gaus

  3. Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden

    Mats Tysklind

  4. Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK

    Paul Johnston & David Santillo

  5. Untere Rheingasse 15, 4058, Basel, Switzerland

    Martin Forter

  6. Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany

    Henner Hollert & Jan Woelz

  7. Bayreuther Straße 9, 91301, Forchheim, Germany

    Emanuel Heinisch

  8. RECETOX, National POPs Centre, CR Central and Eastern European Regional POPs Centre, Kamenice 126/6, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic

    Ivan Holoubek

  9. National Toxics Network Inc., 12 Craig St, East Ballina, New South Wales, Australia, 2478

    Mariann Lloyd-Smith

  10. Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79–7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan

    Shigeki Masunaga

  11. School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of Desio-Milan, University Milano-Bicocca, Via Mazzini 1, 20033, Desio, Italy

    Paolo Moccarelli

  12. Organochemicals Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan

    Nobuyasu Seike

  13. National Measurement Institute, Dioxin Analysis Unit, P.O. Box 385, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia

    Robert Symons

  14. Instituto de Biofisica, Federal University of the Rio de Janeiro, 21949–900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Joao Paulo Machado Torres

  15. Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251, Helsinki, Finland

    Matti Verta

  16. Friedrichstrasse 48, 76593, Gernsbach, Germany

    Gerd Varbelow

  17. Internatial HCH and Pesticide Association, Elmevej 14, 2840, Holte, Denmark

    John Vijgen

  18. Public Interest Consultants, P.O. Box 548, Oakleigh, Wernffrwd, Swansea, Wales, UK

    Alan Watson

  19. Owltree Environmental Consulting, P.O. Box 548, Eureka Springs, AR, USA

    Pat Costner

  20. Hydro- and Environmental Geology, Martin Luther University, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany

    Peter Wycisk

  21. Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland

    Markus Zennegg

Authors
  1. Roland Weber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Caroline Gaus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mats Tysklind
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paul Johnston
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Martin Forter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Henner Hollert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Emanuel Heinisch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ivan Holoubek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Mariann Lloyd-Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Shigeki Masunaga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Paolo Moccarelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. David Santillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Nobuyasu Seike
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Robert Symons
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Joao Paulo Machado Torres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Matti Verta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Gerd Varbelow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. John Vijgen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Alan Watson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Pat Costner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Jan Woelz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Peter Wycisk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Markus Zennegg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roland Weber.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 3 Overview on the contaminated site cases to be presented within this series. (The cases are compiled according to the chronology of the ‘chlorine cycle’ and/or the origin of contamination)
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Weber, R., Gaus, C., Tysklind, M. et al. Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges. Environ Sci Pollut Res 15, 363–393 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0024-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0024-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation