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Phytoremediation of salt-affected soils: a review of processes, applicability, and the impact of climate change

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Abstract

Soil salinization affects 1–10 billion ha worldwide, threatening the agricultural production needed to feed the ever increasing world population. Phytoremediation may be a cost-effective option for the remediation of these soils. This review analyzes the viability of using phytoremediation for salt-affected soils and explores the remedial mechanisms involved. In addition, it specifically addresses the debate over plant indirect (via soil cation exchange enhancement) or direct (via uptake) role in salt remediation. Analysis of experimental data for electrical conductivity (ECe) + sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) reduction and plant salt uptake showed a similar removal efficiency between salt phytoremediation and other treatment options, with the added potential for phytoextraction under non-leaching conditions. A focus is also given on recent studies that indicate potential pathways for increased salt phytoextraction, co-treatment with other contaminants, and phytoremediation applicability for salt flow control. Finally, this work also details the predicted effects of climate change on soil salinization and on treatment options. The synergetic effects of extreme climate events and salinization are a challenging obstacle for future phytoremediation applications, which will require additional and multi-disciplinary research efforts.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) for the PhD grant (FCT-DFRH-SFRH/BD/84750/2012) and the Ciência 2008 program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mining Engineering, Geo-Environment and Resources Research Centre (CIGAR), University of Porto-Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    João M. Jesus & António Fiúza

  2. Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment (CERENA), Instituto Superior Técnico, UL, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal

    João M. Jesus & António Fiúza

  3. Biology Department, Science Faculty, Porto University (FCUP), Rua Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal

    Maria-Teresa Borges

  4. CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal

    Maria-Teresa Borges

  5. CIGAR/CERENA, Department of Mining Engineering, University of Porto-Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    Anthony S. Danko

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  1. João M. Jesus
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  2. Anthony S. Danko
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  3. António Fiúza
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  4. Maria-Teresa Borges
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Correspondence to Anthony S. Danko.

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Jesus, J.M., Danko, A.S., Fiúza, A. et al. Phytoremediation of salt-affected soils: a review of processes, applicability, and the impact of climate change. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 6511–6525 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4205-4

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