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Surfactants in aquatic and terrestrial environment: occurrence, behavior, and treatment processes

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Abstract

Surfactants belong to a group of chemicals that are well known for their cleaning properties. Their excessive use as ingredients in care products (e.g., shampoos, body wash) and in household cleaning products (e.g., dishwashing detergents, laundry detergents, hard-surface cleaners) has led to the discharge of highly contaminated wastewaters in aquatic and terrestrial environment. Once reached in the different environmental compartments (rivers, lakes, soils, and sediments), surfactants can undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation. The most studied surfactants so far are linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEOs), and alcohol ethoxylate (AEOs). Concentrations of surfactants in wastewaters can range between few micrograms to hundreds of milligrams in some cases, while it reaches several grams in sludge used for soil amendments in agricultural areas. Above the legislation standards, surfactants can be toxic to aquatic and terrestrial organisms which make treatment processes necessary before their discharge into the environment. Given this fact, biological and chemical processes should be considered for better surfactants removal. In this review, we investigate several issues with regard to: (1) the toxicity of surfactants in the environment, (2) their behavior in different ecological systems, (3) and the different treatment processes used in wastewater treatment plants in order to reduce the effects of surfactants on living organisms.

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Abbreviations

LAS:

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoate

PFOS:

Perfluorooctane sulfonate

QAC:

Quaternary ammonium compound

APEO:

Alkylphenol ethoxylate

AEOs:

Alcohol ethoxylate

NP:

Nonylphenol

OP:

Octylphenol

EPA:

Environmental protection agency

NPEOs:

Nonylphenol ethoxylate

APEOs:

Alkylphenol ethoxylate

PS:

Perfluorinated surfactants

CS:

Cationic surfactants

EDCs:

Endocrine-disrupting compounds

DTDMAC:

Dimethyl ammonium chloride

TMAC:

Trimethyl ammonium chloride

BDMAC:

Alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride

EC10:

Concentration that induces 10 % of the substance maximum effect

EC50:

Concentration that induces 50 % of the substance maximum effect

LC50:

Concentration required to kill half the members of a tested population

AOPs:

Advanced oxidation processes

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

TOC:

Total organic compounds

EQSD:

European Union Environmental Quality Standards Directive

BDD:

Boron-doped diamond

K ow :

Partition coefficient

OPEOs:

Octylphenol ethoxylates

NPEOs:

Nonylphenol ethoxylates

NPECs:

Nonylphenol carboxylic acids

BACs:

Benzylalkyldimethylammonium compounds

ATMACs:

Alkyltrimethylammonium compounds

DTDMAC:

Ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride

DWTP:

Drinking water treatment plants

OECD:

Organization for economic co-operation and development

EU:

European Union

EC20:

Concentration that induces 20 % of the substance maximum effect

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Acknowledgments

Sincere thanks are extended to the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Produits Chimiques Magnus Ltée for their financial support for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, G1K 9A9, Canada

    K. Jardak & P. Drogui

  2. Researcher in Water Technology Center, 696 avenue Sainte-Croix, Montréal, Québec, H4L 3Y2, Canada

    R. Daghrir

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  1. K. Jardak
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Correspondence to P. Drogui.

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Jardak, K., Drogui, P. & Daghrir, R. Surfactants in aquatic and terrestrial environment: occurrence, behavior, and treatment processes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 3195–3216 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5803-x

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