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Microwave-irradiation-assisted hybrid chemical approach for titanium dioxide nanoparticle synthesis: microbial and cytotoxicological evaluation

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Abstract

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs) are widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. It is used for protection against UV exposure due to its light-scattering properties and high refractive index. Though TNPs are increasingly used, the synthesis of TNPs is tedious and time consuming; therefore, in the present study, microwave-assisted hybrid chemical approach was used for TNP synthesis. In the present study, we demonstrated that TNPs can be synthesized only in 2.5 h; however, the commonly used chemical approach using muffle furnace takes 5 h. The activity of TNP depends on the synthetic protocol; therefore, the present study also determined the effect of microwave-assisted hybrid chemical approach synthetic protocol on microbial and cytotoxicity. The results showed that TNP has the best antibacterial activity in decreasing order from Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The IC50 values of TNP for HCT116 and A549 were found to be 6.43 and 6.04 ppm, respectively. Cell death was also confirmed from trypan blue exclusion assay and membrane integrity loss was observed. Therefore, the study determines that the microwave-assisted hybrid chemical approach is time-saving; hence, this technique can be upgraded from lab scale to industrial scale via pilot plant scale. Moreover, it is necessary to find the mechanism of action at the molecular level to establish the reason for greater bacterial and cytotoxicological toxicity.

A graphical representation of TNP synthesis.

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Acknowledgments

The Centre for Nanotechnology Research, VIT University, Vellore is kindly acknowledged for providing AFM analysis and the School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India, is kindly acknowledged for providing XRD facility. The authors acknowledged Dr. Venkatraman M, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, India, for his support in cell culture work and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT, India) for the project grant (BT/PR10414/PFN/20/961/2014) and Veer Kunwar Singh Memorial Trust, Chapra, Bihar, India, for partial support (VKSMT/SN/NFNA/0011).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

      Shivendu Ranjan, Nandita Dasgupta & Chidambaram Ramalingam

    2. Research Wing, Veer Kunwar Singh Memorial Trust, Chapra, Bihar, India

      Shivendu Ranjan

    3. Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

      Bhavapriya Rajendran

    4. Department of Material Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

      Ganesh S. Avadhani

    5. Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

      Ashutosh Kumar

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    1. Shivendu Ranjan
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    Correspondence to Shivendu Ranjan or Chidambaram Ramalingam.

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    Responsible editor: Santiago V. Luis

    Shivendu Ranjan and Nandita Dasgupta contributed equally to this work.

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    Ranjan, S., Dasgupta, N., Rajendran, B. et al. Microwave-irradiation-assisted hybrid chemical approach for titanium dioxide nanoparticle synthesis: microbial and cytotoxicological evaluation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 12287–12302 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6440-8

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