Abstract
Visible light-driven photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli was performed using hydroxyapatite-supported Ag3PO4 nanocomposites (Ag3PO4/HA). The antibacterial performance was evaluated by the methods of zone of inhibition plates and minimum inhibitory concentration test. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to investigate the instability and transformation of the nanocomposite by comparing the crystalline, phase, and the morphology before and after exposure to Luria-Bertani culture medium under visible light irradiation. Ag3PO4 nanoparticles on the support were found to be shortly transformed into AgCl due to high chloride concentration of Luria-Bertani culture medium. The AgCl/HA nanocomposite showed both excellent intrinsic antibacterial performance contributed by the released silver ions and visible light-induced photocatalytic disinfection toward E. coli cells. This dual antibacterial function mechanism was validated by trapping the hydroxyl free radical and detecting the silver ions during the photocatalytic antibacterial process. The morphological change of E. coli cells in different reaction intervals was obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to complementally verify photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli. This work suggests that an essential comparison study is required for the antibacterial materials before and after the photocatalytic inactivation of bacterial cells using Ag3PO4 nanoparticles or Ag3PO4-related nanocomposites in mediums containing high-concentration chloride ions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Reference
Akhigbe L, Ouki S, Saroj D, Lim X (2014) Silver-modified clinoptilolite for the removal of Escherichia coli and heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:10940–10948
Arunachalam K, Shanmuganathan B, Sreeja PS, Parimelazhagan T (2015) Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the leaves extract of Ficus talboti king and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:18066–18075
Bellissima F, Bonini M, Giorgi R, Baglioni P, Barresi G, Mastromei G, Perito B (2014) Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles grafted on stone surface. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:13278–13286
Buckley JJ, Lee AF, Olivi L, Wilson K (2010) Hydroxyapatite supported antibacterial Ag3PO4 nanoparticles. J Mater Chem 20:8056–8063
Chaudhari AA, Jasper SL, Dosunmu E, Miller ME, Arnold RD, Singh SR, Pillai S (2015) Novel pegylated silver coated carbon nanotubes kill Salmonella but they are non-toxic to eukaryotic cells. J Nanobiotechnol 13
Demirci S, Ustaoğlu Z, Yılmazer G, Sahin F, Baç N (2014) Antimicrobial properties of zeolite-X and zeolite-A ion-exchanged with silver, copper, and zinc against a broad range of microorganisms. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 172:1652–1662
Dong Y-Y, Yao K, Bian J, Ma M-G (2015) AgCl@cellulose composites formed in ZnCl2 solution: synthesis and characterization. Mater Lett 158:49–52
Ferreira L, Fonseca AM, Botelho G, Aguiar CA, Neves IC (2012) Antimicrobial activity of faujasite zeolites doped with silver. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 160:126–132
Foster H, Ditta I, Varghese S, Steele A (2011) Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 90:1847–1868
Hong X, Wu X, Zhang Q, Xiao M, Yang G, Qiu M, Han G (2012) Hydroxyapatite supported Ag3PO4 nanoparticles with higher visible light photocatalytic activity. Appl Surf Sci 258:4801–4805
Jung WK, Koo HC, Kim KW, Shin S, Kim SH, Park YH (2008) Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:2171–2178
Krishnani KK, Zhang Y, Xiong L, Yan Y, Boopathy R, Mulchandani A (2012) Bactericidal and ammonia removal activity of silver ion-exchanged zeolite. Bioresour Technol 117:86–91
Kumar S, Surendar T, Baruah A, Shanker V (2013) Synthesis of a novel and stable g-C3N4-Ag3PO4 hybrid nanocomposite photocatalyst and study of the photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. J Mater Chem A 1:5333–5340
Liu L, Liu J, Sun DD (2012) Graphene oxide enwrapped Ag3PO4 composite: towards a highly efficient and stable visible-light-induced photocatalyst for water purification. Catalysis Science & Technology 2:2525–2532
Pathak S, Gopal K (2012) Evaluation of bactericidal efficacy of silver ions on Escherichia coli for drinking water disinfection. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:2285–2290
Piccirillo C, Pinto RA, Tobaldi DM, Pullar RC, Labrincha JA, Pintado MME, Castro PML (2015) Light induced antibacterial activity and photocatalytic properties of Ag/Ag3PO4-based material of marine origin. J Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 296:40–47
Read D, Matzke M, Gweon H, Newbold L, Heggelund L, Ortiz M, Lahive E, Spurgeon D, Svendsen C (2015) Soil pH effects on the interactions between dissolved zinc, non-nano- and nano-ZnO with soil bacterial communities. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:4120–4128
Roy M, Fielding GA, Beyenal H, Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S (2012) Mechanical, in vitro antimicrobial, and biological properties of plasma-sprayed silver-doped hydroxyapatite coating. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:1341–1349
Sadowski R, Strus M, Buchalska M, Heczko PB, Macyk W (2015) Visible light induced photocatalytic inactivation of bacteria by modified titanium dioxide films on organic polymers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 14:514–519
Sankar R, Prasath B, Nandakumar R, Santhanam P, Shivashangari K, Ravikumar V (2014) Growth inhibition of bloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa by green route fabricated copper oxide nanoparticles. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:14232–14240
Tallósy S, Janovák L, Ménesi J, Nagy E, Juhász Á, Balázs L, Deme I, Buzás N, Dékány I (2014) Investigation of the antibacterial effects of silver-modified TiO2 and ZnO plasmonic photocatalysts embedded in polymer thin films. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:11155–11167
Taner M, Sayar N, Yulug IG, Suzer S (2011) Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial investigation of silver-copper nanoalloys. J Mater Chem 21:13150–13154
Vukomanovic M, Zunic V, Otonicar M, Repnik U, Turk B, Skapin SD, Suvorov D (2012) Hydroxyapatite/platinum bio-photocatalyst: a biomaterial approach to self-cleaning. J Mater Chem 22:10571–10580
Wenjuan Y, Cenchao S, Qiaoli J, Hongjie A, Jinju W, Qingdai L, Zhizhou Z (2009) Food storage material silver nanoparticles interfere with DNA replication fidelity and bind with DNA. Nanotechnology 20:085102
Xue C, Chen Y, Huang Y, Zhu P (2015) Hydrothermal synthesis and biocompatibility study of highly crystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite nanorods. Nanoscale Res Lett 10:1–6
Yan Y, Zhang X, Huang Y, Ding Q, Pang X (2014) Antibacterial and bioactivity of silver substituted hydroxyapatite/TiO2 nanotube composite coatings on titanium. Appl Surf Sci 314:348–357
Yang X, Qin J, Jiang Y, Li R, Li Y, Tang H (2014a) Bifunctional TiO2/Ag3PO4/graphene composites with superior visible light photocatalytic performance and synergistic inactivation of bacteria. RSC Adv 4:18627–18636
Yang Z-M, Huang G-F, Huang W-Q, Wei J-M, Yan X-G, Liu Y-Y, Jiao C, Wan Z, Pan A (2014b) Novel Ag3PO4/CeO2 composite with high efficiency and stability for photocatalytic applications. J Mater Chem A 2:1750–1756
Yao X, Liu X (2014) One-pot synthesis of ternary Ag2CO3/Ag/AgCl photocatalyst in natural geothermal water with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 280:260–268
Yao X, Liu X, Hu X (2014) Synthesis of the Ag/AgCl/g-C3N4 composite with high photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. ChemCatChem. n/a-n/a
Yi Z, Ye J, Kikugawa N, Kako T, Ouyang S, Stuart-Williams H, Yang H, Cao J, Luo W, Li Z, Liu Y, Withers RL (2010) An orthophosphate semiconductor with photooxidation properties under visible-light irradiation. Nat Mater 9:559–564
Yu D, Kang G, Tian W, Lin L, Wang W (2015) Preparation of conductive silk fabric with antibacterial properties by electroless silver plating. Appl Surf Sci 357(Part A):1157–1162
Zhang H, Huang H, Ming H, Li H, Zhang L, Liu Y, Kang Z (2012a) Carbon quantum dots/Ag3PO4 complex photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability under visible light. J Mater Chem 22:10501–10506
Zhang H, Wu M, Sen A (2012b) Silver nanoparticle antimicrobials and related materials. In: Cioffi N, Rai M (eds) Nano-antimicrobials. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 3–45
Zheng X, Chen Y, Xie Y, Ji H, Huang L, Ding C (2009) Antibacterial property and biocompatibility of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite/silver composite coatings. J Therm Spray Tech 18:463–463
Acknowledgments
Financial support for this work was provided by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (21203067), International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (2014DFE90040), and Zhejiang Province Science and Technology Innovation Team (2013TD12).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hong, X., Li, M., Shan, S. et al. Chloride ion-driven transformation from Ag3PO4 to AgCl on the hydroxyapatite support and its dual antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli under visible light irradiation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 13458–13466 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6530-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6530-7