Abstract
Increasing amount of dyes in an ecosystem has propelled the search of various methods for dye removal. Amongst all the methods, adsorption occupies a prominent place in dye removal. Keeping this in mind, many adsorbents used for the removal of hazardous anionic azo dye Congo red (CR) from aqueous medium were reviewed by the authors. The main objectives behind this review article are to assemble the information on scattered adsorbents and enlighten the wide range of potentially effective adsorbents for CR removal. Thus, CR sorption by various adsorbents such as activated carbon, non-conventional low-cost materials, nanomaterials, composites and nanocomposites are surveyed and critically reviewed as well as their sorption capacities are also compared. This review also explores the grey areas of the adsorption performance of various adsorbents with reference to the effects of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic data of different adsorbents used for CR removal were also analysed. It is evident from a literature survey of more than 290 published papers that nanoparticle and nanocomposite adsorbents have demonstrated outstanding adsorption capabilities for CR.
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Abbreviations
- AC:
-
Activated carbon
- MWNC:
-
Multi-walled nanocarbon
- CAC:
-
Commercial activated carbon
- PAC:
-
Powdered activated carbon
- KJA:
-
Sub-bituminous coal from Kazimierz-Juliusz mine (KJA series)
- SA:
-
High volatile bituminous coal from Szczyg1owice mine (SA)
- KJA/Ti:
-
KJ coal impregnated with titanium oxide acetylacetonate
- SA/N/CaFe:
-
SA coal treated with nitric acid (N) and Ca- and Fe-exchanged coals
- KJA/N/CaFe:
-
KJ coal treated with nitric acid (N) and Ca- and Fe-exchanged coals
- KJA/S/CaFe:
-
KJ coal treated with sulfuric acid (S) and Ca- and Fe-exchanged coals
- DRZAC:
-
Activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia pods (flame tree) activated with zinc chloride
- GAC:
-
Granular activated carbon
- ACL:
-
Activated carbon—laboratory grade
- ACC:
-
Activated carbon—commercial grade
- ACF:
-
Microporous activated carbon fiber
- SC:
-
Straw carbon
- RHC:
-
Rice husk carbon
- CSC:
-
Coconut shell carbon
- GPC:
-
Grapefruit peel carbon
- BDC:
-
Bamboo dust carbon
- GNSC:
-
Groundnut shell carbon
- GPAC:
-
Guava peel-based activated carbon
- GPUC:
-
Guava peel-based unactivated carbon
- OSAC:
-
Activated carbon produced from olive stones
- GNC:
-
Groundnut shell charcoal
- EC:
-
Eichhornia charcoal
- BSC:
-
Bael shell carbon
- NSDC:
-
Neem sawdust carbon
- WNMC:
-
Water nut-modified carbon
- AC-MC:
-
Activated carbon prepared from Myrtus communis
- AC-PG:
-
Activated carbon prepared from pomegranate
- RHCAS:
-
Rice husk carbon activated by steam
- ASPRHC:
-
Steam-activated pigmented rice husk carbon
- AuNPs-coated AC:
-
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-coated activated carbon (AC)
- AgNPs-coated AC:
-
Silver nanoparticles (AuNPs)-coated activated carbon (AC) [coinage NPs]
- D-R isotherm:
-
Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm
- R-P model:
-
Redlich-Peterson model
- LCAs:
-
Low-cost adsorbents
- EMHS:
-
Electrocoagulated metal hydroxide sludge
- MHS:
-
Metal hydroxide sludge
- BFA:
-
Bagasse fly ash
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Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance provided by the INSPIRE Programme under the Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC) scheme, funded by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) (Sanction Order No.: DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2013/66). The authors also acknowledge INFLIBNET (Ahmedabad) for e-journals.
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Raval, N.P., Shah, P.U. & Shah, N.K. Adsorptive amputation of hazardous azo dye Congo red from wastewater: a critical review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 14810–14853 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6970-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6970-0