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Evaluation of groundwater quality in central Saudi Arabia using hydrogeochemical characteristics and pollution indices

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Abstract

The groundwater quality and heavy metal (HM) contamination were evaluated in palm farms, central Saudi Arabia, using pollution indices, irrigation quality parameters, and multivariate statistical analyses. Thirty groundwater samples were collected in October 2020 for major anions, cations, and HMs analyses and interpretation. The results showed that the average concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), Ca+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO42−, and F− were greater than the permissible limits of the WHO standards for drinking water. The groundwater facies types were Ca–Na–SO4–Cl (23 samples), Ca–Cl–SO4, (4 samples), and Ca–SO4–Cl type (3 samples). The groundwater quality index indicated that 15 groundwater samples were of good quality and 15 were of poor quality, whereas the metal index and heavy metal pollution index indicated that all samples were categorized as slightly affected and with low pollution, respectively. The variation is attributed to the increasing average concentrations of some ions and decreasing HMs. The dissolution/precipitation of silicates, gypsum, and carbonates and soil leaching were the natural factors affecting groundwater chemistry, whereas higher PO43−, NO3−, F−, Pb, and Zn values in some samples may be attributed to human activities from the extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides on the investigated farms.

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information file.

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Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through the Research Group No. (RG-1439-031).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology and Geophysics Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Talal Alharbi, Abdelbaset S. El-Sorogy, Saleh Qaysi & Fahad Alshehri

  2. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Abdelbaset S. El-Sorogy

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  1. Talal Alharbi
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  2. Abdelbaset S. El-Sorogy
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All authors (Talal Alharbi, Abdelbaset S. El-Sorogy, Saleh Qaysi, Fahad Alshehri) contributed to all parts of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Abdelbaset S. El-Sorogy.

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Alharbi, T., El-Sorogy, A.S., Qaysi, S. et al. Evaluation of groundwater quality in central Saudi Arabia using hydrogeochemical characteristics and pollution indices. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 53819–53832 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14575-1

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