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Chloride-salinity as indicator of the chemical composition of groundwater: empirical predictive model based on aquifers in Southern Quebec, Canada

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Abstract

The present study first describes the variations in concentrations of 12 chemical elements in groundwater relative to salinity levels in Southern Quebec (Canada) groundwater systems, and then uses this data to develop an empirical predictive model for evaluating groundwater chemical composition relative to salinity levels. Data is drawn from a large groundwater chemistry database containing 2608 samples. Eight salinity classes were established from lowest to highest chloride (Cl) concentrations. Graphical analyses were applied to describe variations in major, minor, and trace element concentrations relative to salinity levels. Results show that the major elements were found to be dominant in the lower salinity classes, whereas Cl becomes dominant at the highest salinity classes. For each of the major elements, a transitional state was identified between domination of the major elements and domination of Cl. This transition occurred at a different level of salinity for each of the major elements. Except for Si, the minor elements Ba, B, and Sr generally increase relative to the increase of Cl. The highest Mn concentrations were found to be associated with only the highest levels of Cl, whereas F was observed to be more abundant than Mn. Based on this analysis of the data, a correlation table was established between salinity level and concentrations of the chemical constituents. We thus propose a predictive empirical model, identifying a profile of the chemical composition of groundwater relative to salinity levels, to help homeowners and groundwater managers evaluate groundwater quality before resorting to laborious and costly laboratory analyses.

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The data that supports the findings of the study are illustrated in the Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the present manuscript.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Quebec Ministry of the Environment (Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques) that funded this project through the Groundwater Knowledge Acquisition Program (Programme d’acquisition de connaissances sur les eaux souterraines—PACES). The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions on improving this manuscript.

Funding

This project is funded by the Quebec Ministry of the Environment (Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques) through the Groundwater Knowledge Acquisition Program (Programme d’acquisition de connaissances sur les eaux souterraines—PACES).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département Des Sciences Appliquées, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada

    Lamine Boumaiza, Julien Walter & Romain Chesnaux

  2. Centre d’études Sur Les Ressources Minérales, Groupe de Recherche Risque Ressource Eau, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada

    Lamine Boumaiza, Julien Walter & Romain Chesnaux

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2T 0A4, Canada

    Randy L. Stotler

  4. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA

    Tao Wen

  5. School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA

    Karen H. Johannesson

  6. Hydrogeology Group, Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Karthikeyan Brindha

  7. Département d’Hydrogéologie, Université de Corse Pascal Paoli, Campus Grimaldi, 20250, Corte, France

    Frédéric Huneau

  8. UMR 6134, SPE, CNRS, BP 52, 20250, Corte, France

    Frédéric Huneau

Authors
  1. Lamine Boumaiza
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  2. Julien Walter
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  3. Romain Chesnaux
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  4. Randy L. Stotler
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  5. Tao Wen
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  6. Karen H. Johannesson
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  7. Karthikeyan Brindha
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  8. Frédéric Huneau
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Contributions

The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dr. Lamine Boumaiza and all authors (Julien Walter, Romain Chesnaux, Randy L. Stotler, Tao Wen, Karen H. Johannesson, Karthikeyan Brindha, and Frédéric Huneau) commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lamine Boumaiza.

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Boumaiza, L., Walter, J., Chesnaux, R. et al. Chloride-salinity as indicator of the chemical composition of groundwater: empirical predictive model based on aquifers in Southern Quebec, Canada. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 59414–59432 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19854-z

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