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The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

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01.09.2011 | LCIA OF IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOSYSTEMS (USEtox)

USEtox fate and ecotoxicity factors for comparative assessment of toxic emissions in life cycle analysis: sensitivity to key chemical properties

verfasst von: Andrew D. Henderson, Michael Z. Hauschild, Dik van de Meent, Mark A. J. Huijbregts, Henrik Fred Larsen, Manuele Margni, Thomas E. McKone, Jerome Payet, Ralph K. Rosenbaum, Olivier Jolliet

Erschienen in: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment | Ausgabe 8/2011

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Abstract

Purpose

The USEtox model was developed in a scientific consensus process involving comparison of and harmonization between existing environmental multimedia fate models. USEtox quantitatively models the continuum from chemical emission to freshwater ecosystem toxicity via chemical-specific characterization factors (CFs) for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). This work provides understanding of the key mechanisms and chemical parameters influencing fate in the environment and impact on aquatic ecosystems.

Materials and method

USEtox incorporates a matrix framework for multimedia modeling, allowing separation of fate, exposure, and ecotoxicity effects in the determination of an overall CF. Current best practices, such as incorporation of intermittent rain and effect factors (EF) based on substance toxicity across species, are implemented in the model. The USEtox database provides a dataset of over 3,000 organic chemicals, of which approximately 2,500 have freshwater EFs. Freshwater characterization factors for these substances, with a special focus on a subset of chemicals with characteristic properties, were analyzed to understand the contributions of fate, exposure, and effect on the overall CFs. The approach was based on theoretical interpretation of the multimedia model components as well as multidimensional graphical analysis.

Results and discussion

For direct emission of a substance to water, the EF strongly controls freshwater ecotoxicity, with a range of up to 10 orders of magnitude. In this release scenario, chemical-specific differences in environmental fate influence the CF for freshwater emissions by less than 2 orders of magnitude. However, for an emission to air or soil, the influence of the fate is more pronounced. Chemical partitioning properties between water, air, and soil may drive intermedia transfer, which may be limited by the often uncertain, media-specific degradation half-life. Intermedia transfer may be a function of landscape parameters as well; for example, direct transfer from air to freshwater is limited by the surface area of freshwater. Overall, these altered fate factors may decrease the CF up to 8 orders of magnitude.

Conclusions

This work brings new clarity to the relative contributions of fate and freshwater ecotoxicity to the calculation of CFs. In concert with the USEtox database, which provides the most extensive compilation of CFs to date, these findings enable those undertaking LCIA to understand and contextualize existing and newly calculated CFs.

Vorheriger Artikel A bright future for addressing chemical emissions in life cycle assessment

Nächster Artikel USEtox human exposure and toxicity factors for comparative assessment of toxic emissions in life cycle analysis: sensitivity to key chemical properties

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The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme or any participants such as members of the International Life Cycle Board, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement.

Information contained herein does not necessarily reflect the policy or views of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). Mention of commercial or noncommercial products and services does not imply endorsement or affiliation by SETAC.

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Titel: USEtox fate and ecotoxicity factors for comparative assessment of toxic emissions in life cycle analysis: sensitivity to key chemical properties
verfasst von: Andrew D. Henderson
Michael Z. Hauschild
Dik van de Meent
Mark A. J. Huijbregts
Henrik Fred Larsen
Manuele Margni
Thomas E. McKone
Jerome Payet
Ralph K. Rosenbaum
Olivier Jolliet
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2011
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment / Ausgabe 8/2011
Print ISSN: 0948-3349
Elektronische ISSN: 1614-7502
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-011-0294-6

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Abstract

Purpose

Materials and method

Results and discussion

Conclusions

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