1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Case studies
2.2 Model applications
2.2.1 USES-LCA 1.0
Model | CTP/CF | FF | EF | BF |
---|---|---|---|---|
USES-LCA 1.0 |
\( \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{\text{Me}}} = {\text{FF}} \times {\text{EF}}} \hfill \\ {{\text{C}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{Me}}} = {\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{\text{Me}}}/{\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{{1,4 - {\text{DCB}}}}}} \hfill \\ \end{array} \)
| FF was calculated for total dissolved metal using the default continental freshwater landscape parameters in the model. Values of log K
d
(suspended particles–water partitioning coefficient) and total dissolved fractions of the metals are listed in Table S3 | EF was calculated for total dissolved metal using the PNEC (EF = 1/PNEC). PNEC is the predicted no effect concentration of toxicity data which are listed for each metal in Table S3 | Not applicable |
USES-LCA 2.0 |
\( \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{\text{Me}}} = {\text{FF}} \times {\text{EF}}} \hfill \\ {{\text{C}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{Me}}} = {\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{\text{Me}}}/{\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{{1,4 - {\text{DCB}}}}}} \hfill \\ \end{array} \)
| FF was calculated for total dissolved metal using the default continental freshwater landscape parameters in the model. Log K
d
(suspended particles–water partitioning coefficient) and total dissolved fractions of the metals are listed in Table S3 | EF was calculated for total dissolved metal using the HC50 values (EF = 0.5/HC50). HC50 is the geometric mean of toxicity data which are listed for each metal in Table S3 | Not applicable |
USEtox™ (previous method) |
\( \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{\text{Me}}} = {\text{FF}} \times {\text{EF}}} \hfill \\ {{\text{C}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{Me}}} = {\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{\text{Me}}}/{\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{{1,4 - {\text{DCB}}}}}} \hfill \\ \end{array} \)
| FF was calculated for total dissolved metal using the default continental freshwater landscape parameters in the model. Log K
d
(suspended particles–water partitioning coefficient) and total dissolved fractions of the metals are listed in Table S3 | EF was calculated for total dissolved metal using the HC50 values (EF = 0.5/HC50). HC50 is the geometric mean of toxicity data which are listed for each metal in Table S3 | Not applicable |
USEtox™ (new method) |
\( \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{\text{Me}}} = {\text{FF}} \times {\text{EF}} \times {\text{BF}}} \hfill \\ {{\text{C}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{Me}}} = {\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{\text{Me}}}/{\text{CT}}{{\text{P}}_{{1,4 - {\text{DCB}}}}}} \hfill \\ \end{array} \)
| FF was calculated for total metal using the default continental freshwater landscape parameters in the USEtox™. Log K
d
of metals were calculated using WHAM 6 with the chemistry of freshwater archetype (Table S4) | EF was calculated for truly dissolved metal using the HC50 values (EF = 0.5/HC50). HC50 is the geometric mean of toxicity data corrected for bioavailability of metals in water chemistry archetypes using BLM. Estimated HC50 values for each metal are listed in Table S4 | BF was calculated as the fraction of truly dissolved metal in total metal estimated using WHAM 6 and the water chemistry of freshwater archetypes (Table S4) |
2.2.2 USES-LCA 2.0
2.2.3 USEtox™
2.2.4 USEtox new method
2.3 Scope and assumptions
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Comparison of metal CFs
Metal | Previous CFs USES–LCA 1.0 | Range of archetype-specific CFs USEtox (new) |
---|---|---|
Cd | 1.5 × 103
| 6 × 101–4.7 × 102
|
Co | 3.4 × 103
| 1.7 × 101–8.8 × 101
|
Cu | 1.2 × 103
| 2.8 × 10−1–1.2 × 102
|
Pb | 9.6 | 6.8 × 10−2–4.6 |
Ni | 3.2 × 103
| 9.5–4.1 × 102
|
Zn | 9.2 × 101
| 7.5–5.9 × 101
|
Metal | USES–LCA 1.0 | USES–LCA 2.0 | USEtox™ (previous) | USEtox™ (new) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinite | 100 Years | Infinite | 100 Years | Arche type 1 | Arche type 2 | Arche type 3 | Arche type 4 | Arche type 5 | Arche type 6 | Arche type 7 | ||
Cd | 1.52E + 03 | 1.51E + 03 | 9.05E + 00 | 7.13E + 00 | 9.88E + 00 | 1.02E + 02 | 1.65E + 02 | 1.56E + 02 | 1.67E + 02 | 4.73E + 02 | 4.57E + 02 | 1.51E + 02 |
Co | 3.41E + 03 | 3.38E + 03 | 3.30E + 01 | 3.31E + 01 | 4.17E + 00 | 8.34E + 01 | 5.19E + 01 | 8.72E + 01 | 7.79E + 01 | 4.17E + 01 | 1.66E + 01 | 3.31E + 01 |
Cu | 1.16E + 03 | 1.15E + 03 | 1.18E + 02 | 1.01E + 02 | 5.62E + 01 | 2.81E − 01 | 1.01E + 00 | 2.58E + 01 | 3.01E − 01 | 2.89E + 01 | 1.17E + 02 | 2.07E + 01 |
Pb | 9.62E + 00 | 9.62E + 00 | 4.14E − 01 | 2.93E − 01 | 3.81E − 01 | 2.43E − 01 | 8.42E − 02 | 1.64E + 00 | 9.28E − 02 | 4.15E − 01 | 6.77E − 02 | 5.56E − 01 |
Ni | 3.24E + 03 | 3.22E + 03 | 9.84E + 01 | 9.59E + 01 | 1.51E + 01 | 9.51E + 00 | 3.20E + 01 | 5.57E + 01 | 1.11E + 01 | 2.16E + 02 | 4.12E + 02 | 1.12E + 02 |
Zn | 9.17E + 01 | 9.11E + 01 | 7.52E + 00 | 6.01E + 00 | 3.92E + 01 | 7.53E + 00 | 1.29E + 01 | 2.56E + 01 | 7.93E + 00 | 4.34E + 01 | 5.93E + 01 | 1.83E + 01 |
3.2 Freshwater ecotoxicity of case studies
3.2.1 Case study: Cu pipe
Metals | USES-LCA 1.0 | USES-LCA 2.0 | USEtox™Prev | USEtox™ (new) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinite (%) | 100 Years (%) | Infinite (%) | 100 Years (%) | (%) | Arch 1 (%) | Arch 2 (%) | Arch 3 (%) | Arch 4 (%) | Arch 5 (%) | Arch 6 (%) | Arch 7 (%) | |
Cd (air) | 1.94 | 1.34 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 51.33 | 42.02 | 5.31 | 62.29 | 12.22 | 3.58 | 6.15 |
Co (air) | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 2.71 | 0.85 | 0.19 | 1.88 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
Cu (air) | 80.87 | 44.44 | 80.07 | 44.91 | 93.40 | 13.55 | 24.55 | 83.81 | 10.77 | 71.27 | 87.13 | 80.65 |
Pb (air) | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 1.78 | 0.31 | 0.81 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.33 |
Ni (air) | 2.60 | 1.11 | 0.68 | 0.49 | 0.28 | 3.01 | 5.10 | 1.19 | 2.61 | 3.49 | 2.02 | 2.87 |
Zn (air) | 0.56 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 5.88 | 19.89 | 17.20 | 4.54 | 15.50 | 5.87 | 2.42 | 3.92 |
Cd (water) | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Co (water) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cu (water) | 6.73 | 25.84 | 14.05 | 39.77 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.55 | 1.88 | 0.24 | 1.60 | 1.95 | 1.81 |
Pb (water) | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Ni (water) | 6.65 | 25.57 | 4.16 | 13.33 | 0.00 | 3.64 | 6.17 | 1.43 | 3.15 | 4.22 | 2.44 | 3.47 |
Zn (water) | 0.23 | 0.88 | 0.39 | 1.02 | 0.00 | 3.51 | 3.04 | 0.80 | 2.74 | 1.04 | 0.43 | 0.69 |