Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biological and chemical characterization of harbour sediments from the Stockholm area

  • SEDIMENTS, SEC 3 • SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT AT THE RIVER BASIN SCALE • RESEARCH ARTICLE
  • Published:
Journal of Soils and Sediments Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

The main objective of the current study was to assess the impact of pleasure boat activities on harbour sediment quality in the Stockholm area. Sediment contamination is a growing ecological issue, and there is consequently a need to use sediment bioassays in combination with chemical analysis to determine the impact on the ecosystem. To generate sediment toxicity data relevant for the Baltic Sea, a secondary objective was to further develop and evaluate two well-established bioassays for saltwater, with the macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne and the crustacean Nitocra spinipes, to be useful also for toxicity testing of whole sediment. A major concern has been to minimize any manipulation of the sediments. A third objective was to assess whether a simple leaching procedure could be used to simulate sediment toxicity by comparing results from whole sediment and leachate tests.

Materials and methods

Surface sediments (0–2 cm) from five different types of pleasure boat harbours were collected. Chemical measurements of boat related compounds, i.e. tin organic substances (tributyltin (TBT), dibutyl tin, and monobutyl tin), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), copper, zinc, lead, tin and irgarol were conducted. The sediments were tested for toxic effects using the established Microtox® test as well as the developed sediment tests with C. tenuicorne and N. spinipes. The endpoints are growth inhibition for the algal test and for the crustacean test mortality of larvae and rate of development expressed as the ratio between nauplia and copepodites. Two different procedures have been compared with both organisms, i.e. exposure to whole sediment and to leachate. The duration of both tests is around 1 week.

Results and discussion

All harbour locations were more or less heavily contaminated with remnants from use of anti-fouling paints. The sediment in a smaller marina (ca. 250 boats) contained the highest levels of TBT (max 1,400 µg/kg dry weight (dw)), whereas the centre of Stockholm City had the highest concentrations of all measured metals (max values Cu 252, Pb 830, Sn 25 and Zn 600 µg/kg dw) as well as high concentrations of total PAH (18 mg/kg dw). All three organisms were well suited to test the toxicity of contaminated sediments and were able to discriminate between more or less polluted sediments. The sediments in the smaller marina were most toxic along with sediments adjacent to slipways and sediments from the centre of Stockholm. No significant difference was found between the two different procedures for the algal tests. The whole sediment test was significantly more toxic to N. spinipes than the test using leachate.

Conclusions

Our results show that in spite of prohibition for many years to use tin organic substances and copper, boat activities still contribute with high concentrations of these toxic substances from anti-fouling paints in the surface sediment and that these have effects on organisms normally living in this environment. The present study has also demonstrated an expansion of two well-established toxicity tests for the water phase to be practical also for sediment toxicity testing. This will further increase the usefulness of these test organisms and methods for hazard and risk assessment in a wide range of environments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abraham S, Gopalan UK (1975) Growth of an estuarine harpacticoid copepod Nitocra spinipes BOECK cultured in the laboratory. Bull Dep Mar Sci Univ Cochin 2:309–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen YT, Thain JE, Haworth S, Barry J (2007) Development and application of long-term sublethal whole sediment tests with Arenicola marina and Corophium volutator using Ivermectin as the test compound. Environ Pollut 146:92–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alzieu C (1991) Environmental problems caused by TBT in France: assessment, regulations, prospect. Mar Environ Res 32:7–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alzieu C (1998) Tributyltin: case study of a chronic contaminant in the coastal environment. Ocean Coast Manag 40:23–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtsson B-E (1978) Use of a harpactacoid copepod in toxicity tests. Mar Pollut Bull 9:238–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtsson B-E, Bergström B (1987) A flow-through fecundity test with Nitocra spinipes (Harpacticoida Crustacea) for aquatic toxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 14:260–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergström L, Bruno B, Eklund B, Kautsky L (2004) Reproductive strategies of Ceramium tenuicorne near its inner boundary of distribution in the brackish Baltic Sea. Bot Mar 46:125–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bortone G, Arevalo E, Deibel I, Detzner H-D, de Propris L, Elskens F, Giordano A, Hakstege P, Hamer K, Harmsen J, Hauge A, Palumbo L, van Veen J (2004) Sediment and dredged material treatment—synthesis of the SedNet work package 4 outcomes. J Soils Sediments 4:225–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breitholtz M, Bengtsson B-E (2001) Oestrogens have no hormonal effect on the development and reproduction of the Harpactacoid Copepod Nitocra spinipes. Mar Pollut Bull 42:879–886

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breitholtz M, Wollenberger L (2003) Effects of PBDEs on development, reproduction and population growth rate of the harpactacoid copepod Nitocra spinipes. Aquat Toxicol 64:85–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breitholtz M, Wollenberger L, Dinan L (2003) Effects of four synthetic musks on the life cycle of the harpactacoid copepod Nitocra spinipes. Aquat Toxicol 63:103–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breitholtz M, Ricklund N, Bengtsson B-E, Persson J (2007) Silica gel as a particulate carrier of poorly water-soluble substances in aquatic toxicity testing. Aquat Toxicol 82:251–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruno E, Eklund B (2003) Two new growth inhibition tests with the filamentous algae Ceramium strictum and C. tenuicorne (Rhodophyta). Environ Pollut 125:287–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton ED, Phillips IR, Hawker DW (2005) In-situ partitioning of butyltin compounds in estuarine sediments. Chemosphere 59:585–592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan GW, Gibbs PE, Hummerstone LG, Burt GR (1986) The decline of the gastropod Nucella lapillus around south-west England: evidence for the effect of tributyltin from antifouling paints. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 66:611–640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casado-Martínez MC, Bueceta JL, Belzunce MJ, DelValls TA (2006) Using sediment quality guidelines for dredged material management in commercial ports from Spain. Environ Int 32:388–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler GT, Green AS (2001) Developmental stage-specific life-cycle bioassay for assessment of sediment-associated toxicant effects on benthic copepod production. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:171–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman PM (2002) Integrating toxicology and ecology: putting the ‘eco’ into ecotoxicology. Mar Pollut Bull 44:7–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman PM, Anderson B, Carr S, Engle V, Green R et al (1997) General guidelines for using the sediment quality triad. Mar Pollut Bull 34:368–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung KC, Wong MH, Yung YK (2003) Toxicity assessment of sediments containing tributyltin around Hong Kong harbor. Toxicol Lett 137:121–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Environmental Standards (EQS) 2005 Substance data sheet. priority substance no 30. Tributyltin compounds (TBT-ion) Cas-no 688-73-3 (36643-28-4)

  • Cornelissen G, Pettersen A, Nesse E, Eek E, Helland A, Breedveld GD (2008) The contribution of urban runoff to organic contaminant levels in harbor sediments near two Norwegian cities. Mar Pollut Bull 56:565–573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coull BC (1999) Role of meiofauna in estuarine soft-bottom habitats. Aust J Ecol 24:327–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Council Directive 89/677/EEC of 21 December 1989 amending for the eighth time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the member states relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations. 31989L0677R(01) and (02)

  • Dahl B, Blanck H (1996) Toxic effects of the anti-fouling Agent 1051 on Periphyton communities in coastal water microcosms. Mar Pollut Bull 32:342–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl U, Gorokhova E, Breitholtz M (2006) Application of growth-related sublethal endpoints in ecotoxicological assessments using a harpacticoid copepod. Aquat Toxicol 77:433–438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dave G, Dennegård B (1994) Sediment toxicity and heavy metals in the Kattegat and Skaggerak. J Aquat Ecosyst Stress Recovery 3:1573–5141

    Google Scholar 

  • DelValls TA, Andres A, Belzunce MJ, Buceta JL, Casado-Martínez R, Castro R, Riba I, Viguri JR, Blasco J (2004) Chemical and ecotoxicological guidelines for managing disposal of dredged material. Trends Anal Chem 23:10–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díez S, Jiménez J, Bayona JM (2003) Recent status and historical trends of the organotin contamination in sediments from the Western Mediterranean Sea. In: DelValls TA, Blasco J, Forja JM (eds) Cienc Mar 29(4):547–560

  • Dole-Olivier M-J, Galassi DMP, Marmonier P, Creuzé des Châtelliers M (2000) The biology and ecology of lotic microcrustaceans. Freshw Biol 44:63–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund B (2005) Development of growth inhibition test with the marine and brackish water red alga Ceramium tenuicorne. Mar Pollut Bull 50:921–930

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund B, Bruno E, Lithner G, Borg H (2002) Use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in pulp mills and effects on metal mobility and primary production. Environ Toxicol Chem 5:1040–1051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund B, Elfström M, Borg H (2008) TBT originates from pleasure boats in Sweden in spite of firm restrictions. Open Env Sci 2:124–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson BK, Sandström A, Isaeus M, Schreiber H, Karås P (2004) Effects of boating activities on aquatic vegetation in the Stockholm archipelago, Baltic Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 61:339–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson Wiklund A-K, Vilhelmsson S, Eklund B (2009) Contaminants and competition in the Baltic Sea: behavioural experiments with the native species, Monoporeia affinis and the invasive genus Marenzelleria. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 82:238–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feiler U, Kirchesch I, Heininger P (2004) A new plant-based bioassay for aquatic sediments. J Soils Sediments 4:261–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feiler U, Ahlf W, Hoess S, Hollert H, Neumann-Hensel H, Meller M, Weber J, Heininger P (2005) The SeKT joint research project: definition of reference conditions, control sediments and toxicity thresholds for limnic sediment contact tests. Environ Sci Pollut Res 12:257–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrielsen TM, Brochmann C, Rueness J (2003) Phylogeny and interfertility of North Atlantic populations of ‘Ceramium strictum’ (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta): how many species? Eur J Phycol 38:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardeström J, Dahl U, Kotsalainen O, Maxson A, Elfwing T, Grahn M, Bengtsson B-E, Breitholtz M (2008) Evidence of population genetic effects of long-term exposure to contaminated sediments—a multi-endpoint study with copepods. Aquat Toxicol 86:426–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs PE, Pascoe PL, Burt GR (1988) Sex change in female dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, induced by tributyltin from anti-fouling paints. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 68:715–731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green AS, Chandler GT (1996) Life-table evaluation of sediment-associated chlorpyrfiros chronic toxicity to the benthic copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 31:77–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green AS, Chandler GT, Piegorosch WW (1996) Life-stage-specific toxicity of sediment-associated chlorpyrifos to a marine, infaunal copepod. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1182–1188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haglund K, Pettersson A, Pedersén M, Kylin H, Lord SC, Dollenmeier P (2001) Seasonal distribution of the anti-fouling compound Irgarol 1051 outside a marina in the Stockholm Archipelago. B Environ Contam Tox 66:50–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks GRF, Coull BC (1983) The ecology of marine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods. Oceanogr Mar Biol 21:67–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollert H, Keiter S, König N, Rudolf M, Ulrich M, Braunbeck T (2003) A new sediment contact assay to assess particle-bound pollutants using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. J Soils Sediments 3:197–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huys R, Gee JM, Moore CG, Hamond R (1996) Marine and brackish water harpacticoid copepods (part 1). In: Huys R, Gee JM, Moore CG, Hamond R (eds) Synopsis of the British Fauna (new series). The Dorset, Great Britain

    Google Scholar 

  • IMO (2001) International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, IMO (the AFS Convention). London 18 October 2001

  • IMO (2005) Revised guidelines for the identification and designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs). IMO resolution A. 982(24)

  • Ingersoll CG, Brunson EL, Dwyer FJ, Hardesty DK, Kemble NE (1998) Use of sublethal endpoints in sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:1508–1523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingersoll CG, McDonald DD, Wang N, Crane JL, Field LJ, Haverland PS, Kemble NE, Lindskoog RA, Severn C, Smorong DE (2001) Predictions of sediment toxicity using consensus-based freshwater sediment quality guidelines. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 41:8–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) (2004) Water quality—freshwater algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae. ISO 8692

  • International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) (2005) Water quality—determination of acute toxicity of marine or estuarine sediment to amphipods. ISO 16712

  • International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) (2006) Water Quality—marine algal growth inhibition test with Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ISO 10253

  • International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) (2007) Water quality—determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of Vibrio fischeri (luminiscent bacteria test)—part 3: method using freeze-dried bacteria. ISO 11348-3

  • International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) (2008) Water quality—growth inhibition test with the brackish water and marine macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne. ISO/DIS 10710

  • Karlsson J, Eklund B (2004) New biocide-free antifouling paints are toxic. Mar Pollut Bull 49:456–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson J, Breitholtz M, Eklund B (2006) A practical ranking system to compare toxicity of anti-fouling paints. Mar Pollut Bull 52:1661–1667

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson J, Sundberg H, Åkerman G, Grunder K, Eklund B, Breitholtz M (2008) Hazard identification of contaminated sites—ranking potential toxicity of organic sediment extracts in crustacean and fish. J Soils Sediments 8:263–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovatch CE, Chandler GT, Coull BC (1999) Utility of a full life-cycle copepod bioassay approach for assessment of sediment-associated contaminant mixtures. Mar Pollut Bull 38:692–701

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang K (1948) Monographie der Harpacticiden. II. Stockholm, Sweden, p. 1682

  • Lindén E, Bengtsson B-E, Svanberg O, Sundström G (1979) The acute toxicity of 78 chemicals and pesticide formulations against two brackish water organisms, the bleak (Alburnus alburnus) and the harpacticoid Nitocra spinipes. Chemosphere 8:843–851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lotze HK, Lenihan HS, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke RG, Kay MC, Kidwell SM, Kirby MX, Peterson CH, Jackson BC (2006) Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science 312:1806–1809

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lűning K (1990) Seaweeds. Their environment, biogeography, and ecophysiology. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson K, Ekelund R, Dave G, Granmo Å, Förlin L, Wennberg L, Samuelsson M-O, Berggren M, Brorström-Lundén E (1996) Contamination and correlation with toxicity of sediment samples from the Skagerack and Kattegat. J Sea Res 35:223–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson M, Borgegren A, Granmo Å (2005) Investigation of imposex on the Swedish west coast using Nassarius nitidus as a bioindicator species 2005. Report to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency

  • Mariani L, De Pascale D, Faraponova O, Tornambè A, Sarni A, Giuliani S, Ruggiero G, Onorati F, Magaletti E (2006) The use of a battery test in marine ecotoxicology: the acute toxicity of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Environ Toxicol 21:373–379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCauly DJ, DeGraeve GM, Linton TK (2000) Sediment quality guidelines and assessment: overview and research needs. Environ Sci Policy 3:133–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Microbics Corporation (1992) Microtox manual A toxicity testing handbook, vol I–V. Microbics Corporation, Carlsbad

    Google Scholar 

  • Nendza M (2002) Inventory of marine biotest methods for the evaluation of dredged material and sediments. Chemosphere 48:865–883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohji M, Arai T, Midorikawa S, Harino H, Masuda R, Miyazaki N (2007) Distribution and fate of organotin compounds in Japanese Coastal waters. Water Air Soil Pollut 178:255–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okamura H, Aoyama I, Ono Y, Nishida T (2003) Antifouling herbicides in the coastal waters of western Japan. Mar Pollut Bull 47:59–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pane L, Giacco E, Corrà C, Greco G, Mariottini GL, Varisco F, Faimali M (2008) Ecotoxicological evaluation of harbor sediments using marine organisms from different trophic levels. J Soils Sediments 8:74–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen F, Bjornestad E, Andersen HV, Kjolholt J (1998) Characterisation of sediments from Copenhagen harbour by use of biotests. Water Sci Technol 37:233–240

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pihl L, Isaksson I, Wennhage H, Moksnes P-O (1995) Recent increase of filamentous algae in shallow Swedish bays: effects on the community structure of epibenthic fauna and fish. Neth J Aquat Ecol 29:249–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rueness J (1978) Hybridization in red algae. In: Irvine DEG, Price JH (eds) Modern approaches to the taxonomy of red and brown algae. Academic, London, pp 247–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Rydén L, Migula P, Andersson M (2003) Environmental science. Baltic University, Sweden, pp 151–155

    Google Scholar 

  • SedNet (2004) Contaminated sediments in European river basins. Final draft. http://www.SedNet.org

  • Simpson SL, Angel BM, Jolley DF (2004) Metal equilibration in laboratory-contaminated (spiked) sediments used for the development of whole-sediment toxicity tests. Chemosphere 54:597–609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SIS (1991) Determination of acute lethal toxicity of chemical substances and effluents to Nitocra spinipes Boeck—static procedure (in Swedish) Swedish Standard SS 02 81 06. SIS—Standardiseringskommissionen i Sverige, Stockholm, p 17

    Google Scholar 

  • Stesevic D, Feiler U, Sundic D, Mijovic S, Erdinger L, Seiler T-B, Heinnger P, Hollert H (2007) Application of a new sediment test with Myriophyllum aquaticum and of the lemna test to assess the sediment quality of lake Skadar. J Soils Sediments 7:342–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strand J, Asmund G (2003) Tributyltin accumulation and effects in marine molluscs from West Greenland. Environ Pollut 1213:31–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strand J, Jacobsen JA, Pedersen B, Granmo Å (2003) Butyltin compounds in sediment and mollusks from the shipping strait between Denmark and Sweden. Environ Pollut 124:7–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuer-Lauridsen F, Geertz-Hansen O, Jürgensen C, Birkved M (2001) Vurderingsstrategier i forbindelse med håndtering af forurenede sedimenter. Miljøstyrelsen, Miljø-og Energiministeriet. Miljøprojekt Nr. 631 2001 (in Danish)

  • Swedish Chemical Agency, Debourg C, Johnson A, Lye C, Törnquist L, Unger C (1992) Antifouling products- Pleasure boats, commercial vessels, nets, fish cages and other underwater equipment. Kemi Report 1992; 2/93 (in Swedish)

  • Swedish Chemical Agency, Eriksson U, Lindgren P, Olsson B, Unger C (1998) Anti-foulingproducts. Pleasure boats. Decision 1998-02-24 (in Swedish)

  • Tay K-L, Doe KG, MacDonald AJ, Lee K (1998) The influence of particle size, ammonia, and sulfide on toxicity of dredged materials for ocean disposals. In: Wells PG, Lee K, Blaise C (eds) Microscale testening in aquatic toxicology: advances, techniques, and practice. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 559–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas KV, Fileman TW, Readman JW, Waldock MJ (2001) Anti-fouling paint booster biocides in the UK coastal environment and potential risks of biological effects. Mar Pollut Bull 42:677–688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas KV, McHugh M, Waldock M (2002) Anti-fouling paint booster biocides in UK coastal waters: inputs, occurrence and environmental fate. Sci Total Environ 293:117–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulfsdotter Turesson E, Stiernström S, Minten J, Adolfsson-Erici M, Bengtsson B-E, Breitholtz M (2007) Development and reproduction of the fresh-water harpactcoid copepod Attheyella crassa for assessing sediment-associated toxicity. Aquat Toxicol 83:180–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US Congress (1988) The organotin antifouling paint control act of 1988. (33 USC 2401). Public law 1988, pp 100–333

  • Voulvoulis N, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN (2000) Occurrence of four biocides utilized in anti-fouling paints, as alternatives to organotin compounds, in waters and sediments of a commercial estuary in the UK. Mar Pollut Bull 40:938–946

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voulvoulis N, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN (2002) Comparative environmental assessment of biocides used in anti-fouling paints. Chemosphere 47:789–795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weideborg M, Vik EA, Ofjord GD, Kjonno O (1997) Comparison of three marine screening tests and four Oslo and Paris Commission procedures to evaluate toxicity of offshore chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:384–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss GM, McManus GB, Harvey HR (1996) Development and lipid composition of the harpacticoid copepod Nitocra spinipes reared on different diets. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 132:57–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenning RJ, Ingersoll CG (2002) Use of sediment quality guidelines and related tools for the assessment of contaminated sediments. Executive Summary Booklet of a SETAC Pellston Workshop

  • Wernersson A-S, Dave G, Nilsson E (2000) Assessing pollution and UV-enhanced toxicity in Torsviken, Sweden, a shallow bay exposed to contaminated dredged harbor sediment and hazardous waste leachate. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 3:301–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wulff F (1972) Experimental studies on physiological and behavioural response mechanisms of Nitocra spinipes (Crustacea: Harpacticoidea) from brackish-water rockpools. Mar Biol 13:325–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Karin Ek and Margareta Linde at Stockholm University for laboratory assistance. Grants were from Stockholm county council RTN 2006-0099 and FORMAS 209-2006-1370.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden

    Britta Eklund, Maria Elfström, Bengt-Erik Bengtsson & Magnus Breitholtz

  2. Granada University, 180 71, Granada, Spain

    Irene Gallego

Authors
  1. Britta Eklund
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maria Elfström
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Irene Gallego
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bengt-Erik Bengtsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Magnus Breitholtz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Britta Eklund.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Henner Hollert

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Eklund, B., Elfström, M., Gallego, I. et al. Biological and chemical characterization of harbour sediments from the Stockholm area. J Soils Sediments 10, 127–141 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-009-0149-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-009-0149-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation