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A combined hydraulic and toxicological approach to assess re-suspended sediments during simulated flood events—part II: an interdisciplinary experimental methodology

  • SEDIMENTS, SEC 1 • SEDIMENT QUALITY AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT • RESEARCH ARTICLE
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Abstract

Purpose

Flood events are expected to increase both in intensity and frequency due to climate change in the near future. From an environmental toxicology perspective, there is concern that such flood events could lead to the remobilization of contaminated sediment layers in rivers. The aim of this pilot study was to establish a novel and interdisciplinary framework combining methods of hydrodynamic engineering and ecotoxicological assessment to enable investigation of the potential risks associated with such remobilization events.

Materials and methods

Formulated sediment was prepared according to OECD guideline 218 and spiked with a mixture of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene, chrysene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene) at concentrations of 3.3–8.3 mg kg−1 dry weight. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed as test animals to re-suspended sediments in three out of five experiments. The experiments were carried out in an annular flume designed to investigate transport behaviour of fine-grained sediments. Several physicochemical (e.g. pH) and sedimentological (e.g. turbidity) parameters were measured to characterise environmental conditions and erosion behaviour of sediments. Furthermore, exposure concentrations were measured by means of an in vitro assay (7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD), RTL-W1 cell assay) and chemical analysis.

Results and discussion

Preparation and spiking of large amounts of formulated sediments were feasible but not practical. Successful spiking could be confirmed by the bioanalytical methods with the spiked sediments showing significantly elevated EROD induction compared to control sediments. Conditions within the annular flume remained stable throughout all experiments and were adequate to support rainbow trout. Flood events were successfully simulated, resulting in re-suspension of formulated sediment. Different erosion behaviours of sediments during the simulated flood events were observed and could be associated with changes in microbial composition of sediments due to differences in storage conditions. Therefore, maintaining constant storage conditions of formulated sediments is crucial to enable consistency and comparability among erosion experiments.

Conclusions

This study clearly demonstrated the feasibility of a combined hydro-toxicological approach in support of the investigation of the potential ecotoxicological relevance of sediment re-suspension events. However, based on the results presented here, it is recommended to include additional physicochemical parameters, such as redox potential and conductivity, and to extend the experimental setup to natural sediments and different aquatic organisms. Future studies will use natural sediments containing representative microbial communities and extracellular polymeric substances to enable extrapolation from the annular flume to conditions in natural flowing waters.

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Acknowledgements

The authors and co-workers thank the steering committee and Dr. Elke Müller of the Exploratory Research Space at RWTH Aachen University (ERS) for approving and funding the FLOODSEARCH Project. The ERS is part of the institutional strategy of the RWTH Aachen University funded by the Excellence Initiative of the German Federal and State Governments. The authors thank Drs. Niels C. Bols and Lucy Lee (University of Waterloo, Canada) for providing RTLW1 cells. Dr. Hecker was supported by the Canada Research Chair programme.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, RWTH Aachen University, Kreuzherrenstraße 7, 52062, Aachen, Germany

    Catrina Cofalla, Sebastian Roger, Roy Frings & Holger Schüttrumpf

  2. Department for Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany

    Sebastian Hudjetz, Markus Brinkmann, Jan Wölz, Burkhard Schmidt, Andreas Schäffer & Henner Hollert

  3. Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (vTI), Palmaille 9, 22767, Hamburg, Germany

    Ulrike Kammann

  4. School of the Environment & Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada

    Markus Hecker

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  1. Catrina Cofalla
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  2. Sebastian Hudjetz
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  3. Sebastian Roger
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  4. Markus Brinkmann
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Catrina Cofalla or Sebastian Hudjetz.

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Responsible editor: Ian Droppo

Catrina Cofalla and Sebastian Hudjetz contributed as shared first authors equally to the manuscript.

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Cofalla, C., Hudjetz, S., Roger, S. et al. A combined hydraulic and toxicological approach to assess re-suspended sediments during simulated flood events—part II: an interdisciplinary experimental methodology. J Soils Sediments 12, 429–442 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-012-0476-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-012-0476-2

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