1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Volume conductor models
Tissue type | Conductivity [S m− 1] |
---|---|
Thorax | 0.2 |
Lungs | 0.04 |
Blood | 0.6 |
Heart BEM | 0.2 |
Heart FEM isotropic |
σ
e,t
= σ
e,l
= 0.15 |
σ
i,t
= σ
i,l
= 0.05 | |
Heart FEM equal anisotropy ratio |
σ
e,l
= 0.45 |
σ
i,l
= 0.15 | |
σ
e,l
/σ
e,t
= σ
i,l
/σ
i,t
= 3 | |
Heart FEM unequal anisotropy ratio |
σ
e,l
= 0.45 |
σ
i,l
= 0.45 | |
σ
e,l
/σ
e,t
= 3 | |
σ
i,l
/σ
i,t
= 9 |
2.2 Forward calculations
2.3 Inverse activation estimation
2.4 Qualitative measures
3 Results
3.1 Sinus rhythm
Activation | Type of Myocardial |
λ
| RMS | COR | RD | COR | RD | DIST | DIFF 1st |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pattern | Conductivity | [ms] | ACT | ACT | BSPM | BSPM | [mm] | ACT [ms] | |
Isotropic | 4 ⋅ 10− 6
| 7.9 | 0.90 | 0.19 | 0.99 | 0.06 | – | – | |
Sinus rhythm (1) | Anisotropic equal | 5 ⋅ 10− 6
| 15.8 | 0.73 | 0.38 | 0.98 | 0.18 | – | – |
Anisotropic unequal | 9 ⋅ 10− 6
| 10.7 | 0.79 | 0.25 | 0.99 | 0.09 | – | – | |
Isotropic | 4 ⋅ 10− 6
| 10.1 | 0.96 | 0.12 | 0.99 | 0.13 | 7.4 | 0 | |
Left side of septum (2) | Anisotropic equal | 5 ⋅ 10− 6
| 11.3 | 0.95 | 0.13 | 0.99 | 0.13 | 7.4 | 0 |
Anisotropic unequal | 4 ⋅ 10− 5
| 21.3 | 0.79 | 0.24 | 0.94 | 0.35 | 15.4 | 9 | |
Isotropic | 3 ⋅ 10− 6
| 8.6 | 0.98 | 0.10 | 0.99 | 0.12 | 0 | − 1 | |
Right side of septum (3) | Anisotropic equal | 5 ⋅ 10− 6
| 10.0 | 0.95 | 0.11 | 0.99 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 |
Anisotropic unequal | 5 ⋅ 10− 5
| 22.6 | 0.75 | 0.25 | 0.94 | 0.36 | 26.1 | 4 | |
Isotropic | 5 ⋅ 10− 6
| 16.8 | 0.90 | 0.17 | 0.99 | 0.13 | 19.1 | 3 | |
Base LV near septum (4) | Anisotropic equal | 6 ⋅ 10− 6
| 15.3 | 0.90 | 0.16 | 0.99 | 0.11 | 19.1 | 2 |
Anisotropic unequal | 5 ⋅ 10− 5
| 18.0 | 0.88 | 0.18 | 0.96 | 0.28 | 19.1 | 8 | |
Isotropic | 5 ⋅ 10− 6
| 19.9 | 0.84 | 0.20 | 0.99 | 0.14 | 23.1 | 14 | |
Base RV near septum (5) | Anisotropic equal | 7 ⋅ 10− 6
| 12.3 | 0.93 | 0.13 | 0.99 | 0.10 | 14.0 | 15 |
Anisotropic unequal | 5 ⋅ 10− 5
| 16.5 | 0.88 | 0.17 | 0.98 | 0.21 | 18.5 | 16 | |
Isotropic | 4 ⋅ 10− 6
| 11.9 | 0.98 | 0.10 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 8.5 | 3 | |
LV epicardial free wall (6) | Anisotropic equal | 8 ⋅ 10− 6
| 16.1 | 0.94 | 0.14 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 11.1 | 5 |
Anisotropic unequal | 3 ⋅ 10− 5
| 17.1 | 0.94 | 0.15 | 0.97 | 0.22 | 24.9 | 14 | |
Isotropic | 3 ⋅ 10− 6
| 11.8 | 0.97 | 0.10 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 7.7 | − 1 | |
LV endocardial free wall (7) | Anisotropic equal | 8 ⋅ 10− 6
| 15.4 | 0.94 | 0.14 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 8.2 | 1 |
Anisotropic unequal | 3 ⋅ 10− 5
| 17.5 | 0.93 | 0.15 | 0.98 | 0.21 | 8.6 | 7 | |
Isotropic | 3 ⋅ 10− 6
| 6.4 | 0.99 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 5.8 | − 1 | |
RV endocardial free wall (8) | Anisotropic equal | 9 ⋅ 10− 6
| 11.4 | 0.97 | 0.10 | 0.99 | 0.27 | 5.8 | − 1 |
Anisotropic unequal | 8 ⋅ 10− 5
| 46.2 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.94 | 0.37 | 34.0 | 28 | |
Isotropic | 3 ⋅ 10− 6
| 6.4 | 0.99 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 0 | − 4 | |
RV epicardial free wall (9) | Anisotropic equal | 2 ⋅ 10− 5
| 45.1 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.96 | 0.27 | 53.1 | 27 |
Anisotropic unequal | 7 ⋅ 10− 5
| 46.9 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.93 | 0.37 | 16.5 | 20.0 |
3.2 Ectopic foci
3.3 Ectopic foci right ventricular free wall
Activation | Type of Myocardial |
λ
| RMS | COR | RD | COR | RD | DIST | DIFF 1st |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pattern | Conductivity | [ms] | ACT | ACT | BSPM | BSPM | [mm] | ACT [ms] | |
RV endocardial free wall (8) | Anisotropic equal | 6 ⋅ 10− 5
| 14.6 | 0.96 | 0.13 | 0.87 | 0.50 | 6.3 | 4 |
RV epicardial free wall (9) | Anisotropic equal | 1 ⋅ 10− 5
| 11.0 | 0.98 | 0.10 | 0.99 | 0.11 | 6.7 | − 3 |
RV epicardial free wall (9) | Anisotropic unequal | 6 ⋅ 10− 5
| 14.7 | 0.95 | 0.13 | 0.88 | 0.48 | 5.8 | 2 |