Abstract
The paper presents a real-time algorithm that compensates image distortions due to atmospheric turbulence in video sequences, while keeping the real moving objects in the video unharmed. The algorithm involves (1) generation of a “reference” frame, (2) estimation, for each incoming video frame, of a local image displacement map with respect to the reference frame, (3) segmentation of the displacement map into two classes: stationary and moving objects; (4) turbulence compensation of stationary objects. Experiments with both simulated and real-life sequences have shown that the restored videos, generated in real-time using standard computer hardware, exhibit excellent stability for stationary objects while retaining real motion.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Roggermann, M.C., Welsh, B.: Imaging Through Turbulence, Chap. 3, CRC Press, USA, pp. 57–115 (1996)
Farmer, W.M.: The Atmospheric Filter, vol. I Sources. JCD Publishing, (2001)
Welsh, B.M., Gardner, C.S.: Performance analysis of adaptive optics systems using slope sensors. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6:1913–1923 (1989)
Thorpe, G., Lambert, A., Fraser, D.: Atmospheric turbulence visualization through image time-sequence registration. In: Proceedings International Conference on Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 1768–1770. IEEE Computer Society, Brisbane (1998)
Ellerbroek, B.: First-order performance evaluation of adaptive-optics systems for atmospheric-turbulence compensation in extended-field-of-view astronomical telescopes. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 11(2):783 (1994)
Farmer, W.M.: The Atmospheric Filter, vol. II Sources. JCD Publishing, Winter Park (2001)
Sheppard, D.G., Hunt, B.R., Marcellin, M.W.: Iterative multiframe super-resolution algorithms for atmospheric turbulence-degraded imagery. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 15(4):972–992 (1998)
Sadot, D., Kopeika, N.: Imaging through the atmosphere: practical instrumentation-based theory and verification of aerosol modulation transfer function. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 10(1):172 (1993)
Cohen, B., Avrin, V., Belitsky, M., Dinstein, I.: Generation of a restored image from a videosequence recorded under turbulence effects. Opt. Eng. 36(12):3312–3317 (1997)
Frieden, B.R.: Turbulent image reconstruction using object power spectrum information. Opt. Commun. 109(3–4): 227–230 (1994)
Wang, Y., Frieden, B.R.: Minimum entropy-neural network approach to turbulent-image reconstruction. Appl. Opt. 34(26):5938–5944 (1995)
Mohammed, A.T., Burge, R.E.: Short-exposure turbulent image reconstructions. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 21(7):1067–1077 (1988)
David, H.F., Joseph, W.M., Mark J.T.S.: Suppression of atmospheric turbulence in video using an adaptive control grid interpolation approach. In: Wee, S.J., Apostolopoulos J.G. (eds.) IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP01), vol. 3, pp. 1881–1884. IEEE International Society, Salt Lake City (2001)
van der Elst, H., van Schalkwyk, J.J.D.: Modelling and restoring images distorted by atmospheric turbulence. South African Symposium on Communications and Signal Processing (COMSIG-94), pp. 162–167. IEEE International Society, Stellenbosch (1994)
Gepshtein, Sh., Shteinman, A., Fishbain, B., Yaroslavsky, L.: Restoration of atmospheric turbulent video containing real motion using elastic image registration. In: The 2004 European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO-2004), John Platt, pp. 477–480. Vienna, Austria, (2004)
Yaroslavsky, L., Fishbain, B., Shteinman, A., Gepshtein, Sh.: Processing and fusion of thermal and video sequences for terrestrial long range observation systems. In: Johan, S (ed.) The 7th International Conference on Information Fusion, pp. 848–855, International Society of Information Fusion, Stockholm, Sweden, June 2004
Yaroslavsky, L.P., Fishbain, B., Ideses, I., Slasky, D., Hadas, Z.: Simple methods for real-time stabilization of turbulent video. In: Calvo, M.L., Pavlov, A.V., Jahns, J. (eds.) Proceeding of ICO topical meeting on optoinformatics/information photonics, ITMO, pp. 138–140. St Petersburg, Russia (2006)
Fishbain, B., Yaroslavsky, L.P., Ideses, I.A., Shtern, A., Ben-Zvi, O.: Real-time stabilization of long-range observation system turbulent video. In: Proceedings of Real-Time Image Processing/Electronic Imaging 2007, SPIE Vol. 6496, San-Jose, CA, USA, 28 January–1 February 2007
Yaroslavsky, L.P.: Digital Holography and Digital Image Processing. Kluwer, Boston (2003)
Bondeau, C., Bourennane, E.: Restoration of images degraded by the atmospheric turbulence. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP), vol.2, pp. 1056–1059. Beijing China (1998)
Glick, Y., Baram, A., Loebenstein, H.M., Azar Z:. Restoration of turbulence-degraded images by the most-common method. Appl. Opt. 30(27):3924–3929 (1991)
Cheung, S.C., Kamath, C.: Robust techniques for background subtraction in urban traffic video. Video Communications and Image Processing, SPIE Electronic Imaging, San Jose (2004)
http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/∼barak/RealTimeTurbulenceCompensation
Huang, T.S., Yang, G.J., Yang, G.Y.: A Fast Two-Dimensional Median Filtering Algorithm. IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. ASSP-27, 13 (1979)
Weickert, J., Schnörr, C.: Variational optic flow computation with a spatio-temporal smoothness constraint. J Imaging Vis. 14(3), 245–255 (2001)
Lucas, B.D., Kanade, T.: An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision. In: Proceedings Of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pp. 674–679. Vancouver BC (1981)
Horn, B., Schunck, B.: Determining optical flow. Art. Intell. 17, 185–203 (1981)
Mitiche, A., Bouthemy, P.: Computation and analysis of image motion: a synopsis of current problems and methods. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 19(1), 29–55 (1996)
Barron, L.J., Fleet, D.J., Beachemin, S.S.: Performance of optical flow techniques. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 12(1), 43–77 (1994)
Alvarez, L., Weickert, J., Sanchez, J.: Reliable estimation of dense optical flow fields with large displacement. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 39(1), 41–56 (2000)
Brox, T., Bruhn, A., Papenberg, N., Weickert, J.: High Accuracy Optical Flow Estimation based on Theory for Wrapping. European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV04), Vaclav Hlavac, vol. 4, pp. 25–36. Springer LNCS, Prague Czech Republic (2004)
Ben-Ari, R., Sochen, N.: A general framework for regularization in PDE based computation of optical flow via embedded maps and minimal surfaces. In: Proceedings of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, Dan Huttenlocher and David Forsyth, pp. 529–536. IEEE Computer Society, New-York (2006)
Nagel, H.H., Enkelman, W.: An investigation of smoothness constrains for estimation of displacement vector fields from image sequences. IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell. 8(5), 565–593 (1986)
Deriche, R., Kornprobst, P., Aubert, G.: Optical flow estimation while preserving its discontinuities: a variational approach. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1035. pp. 71–80 (1996)
Yaroslavsky, L.P., Eden, M.: Fundamental of Digital Optics. Birkhäuser, Boston (1996)
Stefan W.: Digital Video Quality—Vision Models and Metrics. Wiley, New York (2005)
Recommendation H.261 of the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), Line Transmission of Non-Telephone Signals—Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at p x 64 kb (1993)
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the contribution to this research of Ofer Ben-Zvi and Alon Shtern, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, for their useful suggestions and their help with the C++ implementation of the algorithm. The video database was acquired with the kind help of Elbit Systems Electro-Optics—ELOP Ltd, Israel and the Israeli Army R&D branch.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fishbain, B., Yaroslavsky, L.P. & Ideses, I.A. Real-time stabilization of long range observation system turbulent video. J Real-Time Image Proc 2, 11–22 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-007-0037-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-007-0037-x