Abstract
In the present study, we have fabricated the blends of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cross linked chain extended cationic polyurethane binder (PUB). X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that the crystallinity decreases with PUB loading. The hydrogen bonding of PVA and PUB are confirmed by shifting of C=O (1750–1700 cm−1) and N-H resign (1400–1380 cm−1) of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. The optical properties of the blend system such as direct and indirect band gap were evaluated by UV absorption spectra. The band gap decreases with the loading of PUB. The miscibility of PUB and PVA blend has been confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It shows a decrease in glass transition (T g) and decomposition temperature (T d), and increase in melting temperature (T m) with PUB loading. The plane morphology of blend was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with better homogeneity (for 50 % PUB loading). The frequency-dependent AC conductivity seems to follow Jonscher power law in which power factor (s) varies in the range 0.74 < s < 0.89. The DC electrical conductivity was calculated from Cole-Cole plot across broadband frequency (50 Hz–10 MHz) and high temperature range (40–120 °C). The temperature-dependent DC conductivity of PVA/PUB blends obey Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) equation which demonstrates the electrical conduction in polymer blends was thermally activated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Correia DM, Costa CM, Pereira JN, Silva MM, Botelho G, Ribelles JLG, Mendez SL (2014) Solid State Ionics 268:54–67
Chanmal CV, Jog JP (2008) Exp Polym Lett 2(4):294
Rajendran S, Prabhu MR, Rani MU (2008) Int J Electrochem Sci 3:282–290
Joshi GM, Sharma A, Tibrawala R, Arora S, Deshmukh K, Kalainathan S, Deshmukh RR (2014) Polym Plast Technol Eng 53:588–595
Noll K, Nachtkamp K, Pedai J (1980) U.S. Patent 4237264
Sengwa RJ, Sankhla S (2007) Polymer 48:2737–2744
Bhargav PB, Mohan VM, Sharma AK, Rao VVRN (2007) Ionics 13:441–446
Aji MP, Masturi R, Bijaksana S, Khairurrijal Abdullah M (2011) J Mater Sci 2012:1–7
Ahmad N, Khan MB, Ma X, Ul- Haq N (2014) Arabian J Sci Eng 39:43–51
Daniel M A (2006) Polyurethane binder systems for polymer bonded explosives. Dissertation. Defense Science and Technology Organization, Weapons Systems Divisions, Edinburgh
Zhang SF, Liu FR, He YF, Wang RM, Song PF, Ma LJ (2014) Arabian J Sci Eng 39:23–30
Bradshaw R L (1985) U.S. Patent 4525424
Santhosh P, Vasudevan T, Gopalan A, Lee KP (2006) J Power Sources 160:609–620
Jankauskaite V, Gulbiniene A, Jiyembetova I, Sirvaityte J, Urbelis V, Michus KV (2014) Mater Sci (Medziagotyra) 20(2):165–170
Hodge RM, Edward GH, Simon GP (1996) Polymer 37(8):1371–1376
Nanda Prakash MB, Manjunath A, Somashekar R (2013) Adv Cond Matter Phy 1–6:21
Polu AR, Kumar R (2013) Adv Mater Lett 4(7):543–547
Yang JM, Lai WC, Lin HT (2001) J Membr Sci 183:37–47
Velayutham TS, Abd Majid WH, Gan WC, Khorsand Zak A, Gan SN (2012) J Appl Phy 112(5):054106
Balasubramanyam Achari V, Reddy TJR, Sharma AK, Narasimha Rao VVR (2007) Ionics 13:349–354
Mahamed SA, Al-Ghamdi AA, Sharma GD, El M (2014) J Appl Res 5:79–86
Guirguis OW, Moselhey MTH (2012) Nat Sci 4(1):57–67
Mallapragada SK, Peppas NA (1996) J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phy 34:1339–1346
Patel AK, Bajpai R, Keller JM (2014) Microsyst Technol 20:41–49
Maurya A, Chauhan P (2012) Polym Bull 68:961–972
Ding J, Chen SC, Wang XL, WangY Z (2009) Ind Engin Chem Res 48:788–793
Zhu G, Wang F, Xu K, Gao Q, Liu Y (2013) Polímeros 23(2):146–151
Joshi GM, Deshmukh K (2014) Ionics 20:529–534
Joshi GM, Cuberes MT (2013) Ionics 19:947–950
El Ghanem HM, Jawad SA, Al-Saleh MH, Hussain YA, Salah W (2013) Physica B 418:41–46
Lopes AC, Costa CM, Sabater Serra R, Neves IC, Gomez Ribelles JL, Lanceros-Méndez S (2013) Solid State Ionics 235:42–50
Bharrau S, Demont P, Peigney A, Laurent C, Lacabanne C (2003) Macromolecules 36(14):5187–5194
Ravikiran YT, Lagare MT, Sairam M, Mallikarjuna NN, Sreedhar B, Manohar S, MacDiarmid AG, Aminabhavi TM (2006) Synth Met 156:1139–1147
Cetiner S, Olariu M, Ciobanu R, Karakas H, Kalaoglu F, Sarac AS (2011) Fiber Polym 11(6):843–850
Biswas S, Dutta B, Bhattacharya S (2014) J Mater Sci 49:5910–5921
Mukharjee A, Banerjee M, Basu S, Thi Kim Thanh N, Green LAW, Pal M (2014) Physica B 448:199–203
Roy AS, Gupta S, Sindhu S, Parveen A, Ramamurthy PC (2013) Compos Part B 47:314–319
Fadzallah IA, Majid SR, Careem MA, Arof AK (2014) Ionics 20:969–975
Johan MF, Shy OH, Ibrahim S, Yassin SMM, Hui TY (2011) Solid State Ionics 196:41–47
Jing G, Zhen-Li Z, Xiao-Li Y, Shu G, Zhong-Liang Z, Bo W, (2012) Chin Phys B 21 (10):107803-1-7
Pappenfus TM, Henderson WA, Owens BB, Mann KR, Smyrl WH (2004) Solid State Ionics 171:41–44
Schwab M, Kostheim M, Walz G (1991) U.S. Patent 5047294
Ohkubo T, Carlson J G (1991) U.S. Patent 5071578
Taft A J (1977) U.S. Patent 4002171
Villar LD, Cicaglioni T, Diniz MF, Takahashi MFK, Rezende LC (2011) Mater Res 14(3):372–375
Acknowledgments
The authors are very thankful to Naval Research Board, Defense Research and Development Organization (NRB-DRDO), New Delhi, for the financial support under project No. 259/Mat./11-12, providing the instrumental facility of electrical characterization. We would like to thank the University of Kalyani for providing SEM-DST-FIST facility.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khutia, M., Joshi, G.M. & Bhattacharya, S. Synthesis and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol/cationic polyurethane binder blend as solid polymer electrolyte. Ionics 21, 3075–3086 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-015-1500-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-015-1500-5