Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Simultaneous anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) using poly methyl thymol blue film–modified electrode

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Ionics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A poly methyl thymol blue (PMTB) film–modified electrode for sensitive and simultaneous determination of lead (II) and cadmium (II) ions using anodic stripping voltammetric techniques were presented. The modified PMTB film has been prepared on paraffin-impegrenated electrode (PIGE) using electrochemical polymerization method by applying potential between − 0.4 and 0.8 V at a scan rate of 50 mV s−1 for 30 segments in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 containing 5 × 10−4 M of methyl thymol blue monomer. The PMTB film electrode has been characterized by FESEM, ATR-IR spectroscopy, and other electroanalytical techniques. In DPV, observed linear range for Pb(II) is 0.54 μg/L to 77.7 μg/L and for Cd(II) is 1.05 μg/L to 75.3 μg/L with a detection limit of 0.18 μg/L and 0.35 μg/L for Pb(II) and Cd(II) respectively. The modified electrode has been successfully tested for real samples analysis and the obtained results are compared with AAS techniques results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bodo M, Balloni S, Lumare E, Bacci M, Calvitti M, Dell’Omo M, Murgia N, Marinucci L (2010) Effects of sub-toxic cadmium concentrations on bone gene expression program: results of an in vitro study. Toxicol in Vitro 24(6):1670–1680

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Triunfante P, Soares ME, Santos A, Tavares S, Carmo H, de Lourdes BM (2009) Mercury fatal intoxication: two case reports. Forensic Sci Int 184(1–3):e1–e6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. McGaw EA, Swain GM (2006) A comparison of boron-doped diamond thin-film and Hg-coated glassy carbon electrodes for anodic stripping voltammetric determination of heavy metal ions in aqueous media. Anal Chim Acta 575(2):180–189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Rahman MA, Won M-S, Shim Y-B (2003) Characterization of an EDTA bonded conducting polymer modified electrode: its application for the simultaneous determination of heavy metal ions. Anal Chem 75(5):1123–1129

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Daşbaşı T, Saçmacı Ş, Ülgen A, Kartal Ş (2015) A solid phase extraction procedure for the determination of Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions in food and water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chem 174:591–596

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Thangavel S, Dash K, Dhavile S, Sahayam A (2015) Determination of traces of As, B, Bi, Ga, Ge, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Si and Te in high-purity nickel using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Talanta 131:505–509

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yamini Y, Rezaee M, Khanchi A, Faraji M, Saleh A (2010) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry as a fast technique for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals. J Chromatogr A 1217(16):2358–2364

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Yan Z, Jiang L, Xu C, Liu J (2018) Determination of chromium (III) ions in water samples by UV–vis spectrometry based on benzyl-functionalized benzimidazolylidene ligand. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply:ws2018032

  9. Sitko R, Janik P, Zawisza B, Talik E, Margui E, Queralt I (2015) Green approach for ultratrace determination of divalent metal ions and arsenic species using total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and mercapto-modified graphene oxide nanosheets as a novel adsorbent. Anal Chem 87(6):3535–3542

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Werner J (2018) Ionic liquid ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of the aqueous phase for preconcentration of heavy metals ions prior to determination by LC-UV. Talanta 182:69–73

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wei Z, Sandron S, Townsend A, Nesterenko P, Paull B (2015) Determination of trace labile copper in environmental waters by magnetic nanoparticle solid phase extraction and high-performance chelation ion chromatography. Talanta 135:155–162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Park MO, Noh HB, Park DS, Yoon JH, Shim YB (2017) Long-life heavy metal ions sensor based on graphene oxide-anchored conducting polymer. Electroanalysis 29(2):514–520

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gillain G, Duyckaerts G, Disteche A (1979) Direct and simultaneous determinations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Sb and Bi dissolved in sea water by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a hanging mercury drop electrode. Anal Chim Acta 106(1):23–37

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. de Oliveira MF, Saczk AA, Okumura LL, Fernandes AP, de Moraes M, Stradiotto NR (2004) Simultaneous determination of zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium in fuel ethanol by anodic stripping voltammetry using a glassy carbon–mercury-film electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 380(1):135–140

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. de Oliveira PR, Lamy-Mendes AC, Gogola JL, Mangrich AS, Junior LHM, Bergamini MF (2015) Mercury nanodroplets supported at biochar for electrochemical determination of zinc ions using a carbon paste electrode. Electrochim Acta 151:525–530

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hočevar SB, Ogorevc B, Wang J, Pihlar B (2002) A study on operational parameters for advanced use of bismuth film electrode in anodic stripping voltammetry. Electroanalysis 14(24):1707–1712

    Google Scholar 

  17. Economou A (2005) Bismuth-film electrodes: recent developments and potentialities for electroanalysis. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 24(4):334–340

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. March G, Nguyen T, Piro B (2015) Modified electrodes used for electrochemical detection of metal ions in environmental analysis. Biosensors 5(2):241–275

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Kokulnathan T, Ramaraj S, Chen S-M, Han-Yu Y (2018) Eco-friendly synthesis of biocompatible pectin stabilized graphene nanosheets hydrogel and their application for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of dopamine and paracetamol in real samples. J Electrochem Soc 165(5):B240–B249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Palanisamy S, Thangavelu K, Chen S-M, Velusamy V, Chang M-H, Chen T-W, Al-Hemaid FM, Ali MA, Ramaraj SK (2017) Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole decorated graphene/β-cyclodextrin composite for low level electrochemical detection of mercury (II) in water. Sensors Actuators B Chem 243:888–894

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Thangavelu K, Palanisamy S, Chen S-M, Velusamy V, Chen T-W, Ramaraj SK (2016) Electrochemical determination of caffeic acid in wine samples using reduced graphene oxide/polydopamine composite. J Electrochem Soc 163(14):B726–B731

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Oztekin Y, Ramanaviciene A, Ryskevic N, Yazicigil Z, Üstündağ Z, Solak AO, Ramanavicius A (2011) 1, 10-Phenanthroline modified glassy carbon electrode for voltammetric determination of cadmium (II) ions. Sensors Actuators B Chem 157(1):146–153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kapturski P, Bobrowski A (2008) The silver amalgam film electrode in catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of cobalt and nickel. J Electroanal Chem 617(1):1–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhao D, Siebold D, Alvarez NT, Shanov VN, Heineman WR (2017) Carbon nanotube thread electrochemical cell: detection of heavy metals. Anal Chem 89(18):9654–9663

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bobrowski A, Putek M, Zarębski J (2012) Antimony film electrode prepared in situ in hydrogen potassium tartrate in anodic stripping voltammetric trace detection of Cd (II), Pb (II), Zn (II), Tl (I), In (III) and Cu (II). Electroanalysis 24(5):1071–1078

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Koyun O, Sahin Y (2018) Voltammetric determination of nitrite with gold nanoparticles/poly (methylene blue)-modified pencil graphite electrode: application in food and water samples. Ionics 24(10):3187–3197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kuskur CM, Swamy BK, Jayadevappa H, Ganesh P (2018) Poly (rhodamine B) sensor for norepinephrine and paracetamol: a voltammetric study. Ionics 24(11):3631–3640

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Promphet N, Rattanarat P, Rangkupan R, Chailapakul O, Rodthongkum N (2015) An electrochemical sensor based on graphene/polyaniline/polystyrene nanoporous fibers modified electrode for simultaneous determination of lead and cadmium. Sensors Actuators B Chem 207:526–534

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhou X, Ye X, Wu K, Li C, Wang Y (2018) Electrochemical sensing of terabromobisphenol A at a polymerized ionic liquid film electrode and the enhanced effects of anions. Ionics 24(9):2843–2850

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Palanisamy S, Thangavelu K, Chen S-M, Thirumalraj B, Liu X-H (2016) Preparation and characterization of gold nanoparticles decorated on graphene oxide@ polydopamine composite: application for sensitive and low potential detection of catechol. Sensors Actuators B Chem 233:298–306

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Deshmukh MA, Celiesiute R, Ramanaviciene A, Shirsat MD, Ramanavicius A (2018) EDTA_PANI/SWCNTs nanocomposite modified electrode for electrochemical determination of copper (II), lead (II) and mercury (II) ions. Electrochim Acta 259:930–938

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Shirsat MD, Deshmukh M, Bodkhe G, Shirsat S, Ramanavicius A (2018) Nanocomposite platform based on EDTA modified Ppy/SWNTs for the sensing of Pb (II) ions by electrochemical method. Front Chem 6:451

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Mendham J (2006) Vogels textbook of quantitative chemical analysis. Pearson Education India,

    Google Scholar 

  34. Manikandan R, Deepa P, Narayanan SS (2018) Anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Hg (II) using poly xylenol orange film modified electrode. Ionics:1–8

  35. Kumar SS, Narayanan SS (2008) Mechanically immobilized nickel aquapentacyanoferrate modified electrode as an amperometric sensor for the determination of BHA. Talanta 76(1):54–59

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Liv L, Nakiboglu N (2018) Voltammetric determination of boron using poly xylenol orange-modified pencil graphite electrode. Anal Lett 51(1–2):170–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Qian G, Yang C, Pu W, Huang J, Zhang J (2007) A novel polycatechol/platinum composite film prepared by electrochemical synthesis. Synth Met 157(10–12):448–453

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Larkin P (2017) Infrared and Raman spectroscopy: principles and spectral interpretation. Elsevier

  39. Yong K, Shao-Lin M (2003) Investigation on the electrochemical polymerization of catechol by means of rotating ring-disk electrode. Chin J Chem 21(6):630–637

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wang Z, Wang H, Zhang Z, Liu G (2014) Electrochemical determination of lead and cadmium in rice by a disposable bismuth/electrochemically reduced graphene/ionic liquid composite modified screen-printed electrode. Sensors Actuators B Chem 199:7–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee S, Park S-K, Choi E, Piao Y (2016) Voltammetric determination of trace heavy metals using an electrochemically deposited graphene/bismuth nanocomposite film-modified glassy carbon electrode. J Electroanal Chem 766:120–127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hwang GH, Han WK, Park JS, Kang SG (2008) Determination of trace metals by anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth-modified carbon nanotube electrode. Talanta 76(2):301–308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Güell R, Aragay G, Fontas C, Anticó E, Merkoçi A (2008) Sensitive and stable monitoring of lead and cadmium in seawater using screen-printed electrode and electrochemical stripping analysis. Anal Chim Acta 627(2):219–224

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cerovac S, Guzsvány V, Kónya Z, Ashrafi AM, Švancara I, Rončević S, Kukovecz Á, Dalmacija B, Vytřas K (2015) Trace level voltammetric determination of lead and cadmium in sediment pore water by a bismuth-oxychloride particle-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite modified glassy carbon electrode. Talanta 134:640–649

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Vu HD, Nguyen L-H, Nguyen TD, Nguyen HB, Nguyen TL (2015) Anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ using interpenetrated MWCNT/P1, 5-DAN as an enhanced sensing interface. Ionics 21(2):571–578

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sosa V, Barceló C, Serrano N, Ariño C, Díaz-Cruz JM, Esteban M (2015) Antimony film screen-printed carbon electrode for stripping analysis of Cd (II), Pb (II), and Cu (II) in natural samples. Anal Chim Acta 855:34–40

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Nagles E, García-Beltrán O, Hurtado J (2016) Ex situ poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-sodium dodecyl sulfate-antimony film electrode for anodic stripping voltammetry determination of lead and cadmium. Int J Electrochem Sci 11:7507–7518

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Chamjangali MA, Boroumand S, Bagherian G, Goudarzi N (2017) Construction and characterization a non-amalgamation voltammetric flow sensor for online simultaneous determination of lead and cadmium ions. Sensors Actuators B Chem 253:124–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Xuan X, Park JY (2018) A miniaturized and flexible cadmium and lead ion detection sensor based on micro-patterned reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube/bismuth composite electrodes. Sensors Actuators B Chem 255:1220–1227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Dönmez KB, Çetinkaya E, Deveci S, Karadağ S, Şahin Y, Doğu M (2017) Preparation of electrochemically treated nanoporous pencil-graphite electrodes for the simultaneous determination of Pb and Cd in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 409(20):4827–4837

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Crowley K, Cassidy J (2002) Trace analysis of lead at a nafion-modified electrode using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Electroanalysis 14(15–16):1077–1082

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kefala G, Economou A, Voulgaropoulos A, Sofoniou M (2003) A study of bismuth-film electrodes for the detection of trace metals by anodic stripping voltammetry and their application to the determination of Pb and Zn in tapwater and human hair. Talanta 61(5):603–610

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Prabakar SR, Sakthivel C, Narayanan SS (2011) Hg (II) immobilized MWCNT graphite electrode for the anodic stripping voltammetric determination of lead and cadmium. Talanta 85(1):290–297

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600 025, India

    Ramalingam Manikandan & Sangilimuthu Sriman Narayanan

Authors
  1. Ramalingam Manikandan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sangilimuthu Sriman Narayanan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sangilimuthu Sriman Narayanan.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOC 1061 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Manikandan, R., Narayanan, S.S. Simultaneous anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) using poly methyl thymol blue film–modified electrode. Ionics 25, 6083–6092 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-03143-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-03143-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation