Abstract
In the context of a new zero-gas-emission process for continuous oxygen steelmaking, desorption of copper, tin, and zinc from liquid scrap are modeled. Additive diffusional-resistance concepts show that zinc elimination at atmospheric pressure is entirely straightforward. For copper and tin, a reduced pressure (2.5 mbar) and a relatively high temperature (1780 °C) are preferred. Sulfur must be added above the stoichiometric requirements to volatilize tin sulfide. Copper elimination by physical desorption is completely predictable, but with tin, interfacial chemical kinetics may possibly exert an influence. Based on exclusive transport control and the currently available pumping capacity for vacuum degassing steel, the engineering feasibility of refining continuously melted steel scrap is established. Dimensions are estimated for producing 2 Mtpa of steel with a scrap-to-virgin iron ratio of 3 to 1. Electrical conductive heating is required to raise the liquid-scrap temperature toward the limits imposed by current refractories. With the proposed new technology, copper, tin, and zinc are all recovered as by-product metals. Pretreatment of steel scrap is not advocated, other than simple physical segregation at the source.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
N.A. Warner: Proc. Yazawa Int. Symp. on Metallurgical and Materials Processing, 132nd TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, Mar. 2–6, 2003, TMS Warrendale, PA, 2003, vol. 1, pp. 881–900.
N.A. Warner: Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 2003, vol. 30 (6), pp. 429–34.
N.A. Warner: Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 2003, vol. 30 (6), pp. 435–40.
F. Wagner: Rev. Metall.-CIT, 1997, vol. 94, pp. 35–46.
R.J. Fruehan and C.L. Nassaralla: ISS Trans.-Iron Steelmaker, 1998, Aug., pp. 59–68.
F. Oeters, L. Zhang, and R. Steffen: Proc. Ethem T. Turdogan Symp., R.J. Fruehan, ed., ISS, Warrendale, PA, 1994, pp. 23–43.
J.A. Innes: Proc. Howard Worner Int. Symp. on Injection in Pyrometallurgy, M. Nilmani and T. Lehner, eds., TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1996, p. 3.
J.A. Weber, T.F. Fisher, and D.P. Bonaquist: U.S. Patent 5,925.158, 1999.
S.W.K. Morgan: Trans. Inst. Mining Met., 1956–57, vol. 66, pp. 553–565; 1957–58, vol. 67, pp. 127–38.
S. Krishnan, J.K.R. Weber, P.C. Nordine, R.A. Schiffman, R.H. Hauge, and J.L. Margrave: High Temp. Sci., 1990, vol. 30 (2–3), pp. 137–53.
D.G. Mead and G.R. Wilkinson: Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 1977, vol. 354 (1678), pp. 349–66.
J.A.T. Jones: Iron and Steelmaker, 1997, Feb. pp. 41–42.
N.A. Warner: Proc. AusIMM Ann. Conf., Perth, Western Australia, 1996, pp. 145–53.
R. Boom and R. Steffen: Steel Res., 2001, vol. 72 (3), pp. 91–96.
N. A. Warner: U.K. Patent GB 2193975B, 1990.
N.A. Warner: Australian Patent Application No. 4266/61, 1961.
P.J. Mackey: Ph.D. Thesis, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 1969.
J.B. See: Ph.D. Thesis, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 1970.
D.L. Regozo: Ph.D. Thesis, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 1971.
N.A. Warner: Proc. Symp. on Advances in Extractive Metallurgy, IMM, London, pp. 317–32.
J.G. Herbertson and N.A. Warner: Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. Sect. C, 1973, vol. 82, pp. C16-C20.
L. Savov and D. Janke: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 2000, vol. 40 (2), pp. 95–104.
N.A. Warner: Chem. Eng. Sci., 1959, vol. 11, pp. 161–82.
P.M. Tait: Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 1998.
M. Hino, S. Wang, T. Nagasaka, and S. Ban-ya: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 1994, vol. 4, pp. 491–97.
B. Ozturk and R.J. Fruehan: Steelmaking Conf. Proc., ISS, Warrendale, PA, 1996, pp. 583–88.
R. Harris and W. Davenport: Can. Met. Q., 1979, vol. 18, pp. 303–11.
R. Harris: U.S. Patent 4,378,242, 1983.
T. Emi and O. Wijk: Steelmaking Conf. Proc., ISS, Warrendale, PA, 1996, pp. 551–65.
T. Nagasaka, M. Hino, and S. Ban-ya: Steelmaking Conf. Proc., ISS, Warrendale, PA, 1996, pp. 589–96.
N.A. Warner: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. C), 2003, vol. 112 (3), pp. C141-C154.
L. Savov, S. Tu, and D. Janke: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 2000, vol. 40 (7), pp. 654–63.
X. Liu and J.H.E. Jeffes: Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 1988, vol. 15 (1), pp. 21–26.
X. Liu and J.H.E. Jeffes: Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 1988, vol. 15 (1), pp. 27–32.
D.V. Barradell, P. Dawson, R.I. Blake, and C. Priday: Iron Steelmaker, 1995, July, pp. 29–34.
N.A. Warner: Metallurgical Processes for Early 21st Century, H.Y. Sohn, ed., TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1994, pp. 351–69.
A. Roine: Outokumpu HSC Chemistry for Windows, Outokumpu Research Oy., Pori, Finland, 1993, version 10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Warner, N.A. Continuous oxygen steelmaking with copper-, tin-, and zinc-contaminated scrap. Metall Mater Trans B 35, 663–674 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-004-0007-7
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-004-0007-7