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Transient Inclusion Evolution During Modification of Alumina Inclusions by Calcium in Liquid Steel: Part II. Results and Discussion

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Abstract

The formation of intermediate reaction products after calcium addition to aluminum-killed steel was studied. Steel samples were taken from laboratory and industrial heats before and at various times after calcium treatment. Inclusions were characterized by automated and manual scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis of polished cross sections and inclusions extracted by dissolution of the steel. Industrial and laboratory melts containing more than 40 parts per million (by mass) of dissolved sulfur showed calcium sulfide as the main reaction product after calcium injection, with calcium aluminates appearing later. It is proposed that the calcium aluminates are formed by reaction between the calcium sulfide and the alumina. A laboratory heat containing 7 parts per million of sulfur showed calcium oxide as the main initial calcium reaction product. A simple mechanism is proposed for the modification of alumina inclusions by calcium, considering transient CaO and CaS formation.

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Acknowledgment

Support of this work by the industrial members of the Center for Iron and Steelmaking Research is gratefully acknowledged.

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Author notes

  1. Minna Lind (Visiting Researcher, Postdoctoral Researcher)

    Present address: Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Iron and Steelmaking Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    N. Verma (Ph.D. Candidate), Petrus C. Pistorius (Professor) & Richard J. Fruehan (Professor)

  2. formerly Visiting Researcher, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Minna Lind (Visiting Researcher, Postdoctoral Researcher)

  3. Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland

    Michael Potter (Senior Scientist)

  4. Department of Process Technology—Steelmaking and Casting, United States Steel Corporation Research and Technology Center, Munhall, PA, 15120, USA

    Scott R. Story (Research Consultant)

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  1. N. Verma
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  2. Petrus C. Pistorius
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  3. Richard J. Fruehan
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  4. Michael Potter
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  5. Minna Lind
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Petrus C. Pistorius.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted February 25, 2011.

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Verma, N., Pistorius, P.C., Fruehan, R.J. et al. Transient Inclusion Evolution During Modification of Alumina Inclusions by Calcium in Liquid Steel: Part II. Results and Discussion. Metall Mater Trans B 42, 720–729 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-011-9517-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-011-9517-2

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