Numerical Simulation of Gas and Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Gas-Stirred Systems Based on Euler–Euler Approach

Based on the Euler–Euler approach, a mathematical model is established to describe gas and liquid two-phase flow in the gas-stirred system for steelmaking, and the influences of the interphase force including turbulent dispersion force, drag force, and lift force are investigated. The modified k–ε model with extra source terms to account for the bubble-induced turbulence is adopted to model the turbulence in the system, and the simulation results of gas volume fraction, liquid velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy are compared with the measured data. The results show that the turbulent dispersion force dominates the bubbly plume shape and is responsible for successful prediction of the gas volume fraction. The bubble-induced turbulence has a significant influence on the liquid turbulence, and the conversion coefficient C _b, which denotes the fraction of bubble-induced energy converted into liquid turbulence, should be in the range of 0.8 and 0.9. The drag force also strongly influences the bubbly plume dynamics, and the coefficient model proposed by Kolev performs the best for determining the drag force; however, the lift force and bubble diameter do not have much effect on the current bubbly plume system. For different gas flow rates, the current Euler–Euler approach predictions are more consistent with the measured data than the Euler–Lagrange approach and the early Euler–Euler model.