Abstract
Low-temperature reliability of flip-chip plastic ball-grid array packages is a concern for manufacturers. Packages that perform well when thermally cycled from 20 to 120°C fail at an unacceptable rate when the temperature is extended down to −55°C. Electron-beam moiré was used to study local deformations in a flip-chip package and the interactions among the various materials found within the package. The specimen was subjected to a total of ten complete thermal cycles from −55 to 125°C over several nonconsecutive days. Debonding initiated between the solderball and the solder mask where that interface meets the printed circuit board. Deformation was also induced within the solderball, becoming more pronounced with more thermal cycles. Out-of-plane strains appear to be the dominant mechanism for deformation at this location.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
MIL-STD-883, Department of Defense Test Method Standard: Microcircuits (1996).
B. Han and Y. Guo, J. Electron. Pkg. 117, 185 (1995).
S.C. Machuga, S.E. Lindsey, K.D. Moore, and A.F. Skipor, Proc. IEEE/CHMT Int. Electron. Mfg. Technol. Symp. (New York: IEEE, 1992), p. 53.
J. Nysæther, P. Lundstrm, and J. Liu, Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. Polymeric Electron. Pkg. (New York: IEEE, 1998), p. 307.
J. Auersperg, D. Vogel, J. Simon, A. Schubert, and B. Michel, Design and Reliability of Solders and Solder Interconnections, ed. R.K. Mahidhara et al. (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1997), p. 439.
S. Rzepka, M.A. Korhonen, E. Meusel, and C.-Y. Li, J. Electron. Pkg. 120, 342 (1998).
M. Kawai, M. Harada, A. Andou, O. Yamada, R. Satoh, and T. Netsu, Proc. 46th Electron. Components and Technol. Conf. (New York: IEEE, 1996), p. 1196.
X. Dai and P.S. Ho, Proc. IEEE/CPMT 21st Int. Electron. Mfg. Technol. Symp. (New York: IEEE, 1998), p. 326.
B. Han, K. Verma, M. Chopra, S. Park, and L. Li, Advanced Electron. Mfg. Technologies (Edina, MN: Surface Mount Int. 1997), p. 43.
B. Michel and D. Vogel, Experimental Mechanics, ed. Allison, (Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Balkema, 1998), p. 965.
D.T. Read and J.W. Dally, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 101, 47 (1996).
E.S. Drexler, Procedures for the Electron-Beam Moiré Technique, NIST Technical Note 1500-2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), pp. 133.
Metals Handbook 9th Edition, Vol. 2. Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals (Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals, 1979).
Electronic Materials Handbook, Vol. 1. Packaging (Metals Park, OH: ASM Int., 1989).
R. Munroe, personal communication.
A. Schubert, R. Dudek, B. Michel, H. Reichl, and H. Jiang, Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Adv. Pkg. Mater. Processes, Properties and Interfaces (Reston, VA: IMAPS, 1997), p. 106.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Drexler, E.S. Reliability of a flip-chip package thermally loaded between −55°C and 125°C. J. Electron. Mater. 28, 1150–1157 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-999-0150-7
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-999-0150-7