Abstract
Cold gas dynamic spray (cold spray) is a promising rapid deposition technology in which particles deposit at supersonic velocities. The effect of isothermal annealing on recrystallization and mechanical properties of commercial purity (CP) titanium structures that were directly fabricated through cold spray deposition is studied. The optimized cold spray parameters led to a dense cold spray structure. Results show that annealing improves ductility of the cold-sprayed CP titanium structure. The mechanism for softening is the nucleation and growth of equiaxed grains, which include an ultrafine grain structure. A physical-based model for recrystallization of the cold spray CP titanium is proposed. The results show that recrystallization does not eliminate preferred orientation inherited from the cold spray material.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. J. Donachie Jr., Titanium: A Technical Guide, 2nd ed., ASM Int., OH, 2000, p 2-3
O.E.M. Pohler, Unalloyed Titanium for Implants in Bone Surgery, Injury, Int. J. Care Injured, 2000, 31, S-D7-13
M. Niinomi, Mechanical Properties of Biomedical Titanium Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 1998, A234, p 231-236
R.R. Boyer, An Overview on the Use of Titanium in the Aerospace Industry, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 1996, A213, p 103-114
G. Lutjering and J.C. Williams, Titanium, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 2003, p 57-66
J. Karthikeyan, Cold Spray Technology: International Status and USA Efforts, Report from “ASB Industries Inc., 1031 Lambert Street, Barbeton, OH 44203”, 2004, p 1-14
A.P. Alkhimov, A.N. Papyrin, V.P. Dosarev, N.J. Nesterovich, and M.M. Shuspanov, Gas-Dynamic Spray Method for Applying a Coating, U. S. Patent 5,302,414, 12 Apr 1994
R.C. McCune, A.N. Papyrin, J.N. Hall, W.L. Riggs II, and P.H. Zajchowski, An Exploration of the Cold Gas-Dynamic Spray Method for Several Materials Systems, Advances in Thermal Spray Science & Technology, C.C. Berndt and S. Sampath, Eds., Sept 11-15 1995 (Houston, TX), ASM International, 1995, p 774
D. L. Gilmore, R. C. Dykhuizen, R. A. Neiser, T. J. Roemer, M. F. Smith, Particle velocity and deposition efficiency in the cold spray process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1999, 8 (4) p 576-582
H. Assadi, F. Gärtner, T. Stoltenhoff, H. Kreye, Bonding mechanism in cold gas spraying, Acta Mater., 2003, 51, 4379-4394
J. Karthikeyan, C.M. Kay, J. Lindeman, R.S. Lima, and C.C. Berndt, Cold Spray Processing of Titanium Powder, Proceedings, 1st International Thermal Spray Conference (ITSC 2000), May 8-11 2000 (Montreal, Quebec, Canada), p 255-262
C.J. Li, W.Y. Li, Deposition characteristics of titanium coating in cold spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2003, 167, 278-283
A. Apayrin, V. Kosarev, S. Klinkov, A. Alkimov, and V. Fomin, Cold Spray Technology, 1st ed., Elsevier, 2007, p 229-231
C.M. Sellars, J.J. Jonas, Symp.: Thermomechanical Processing of Steel, S. Yue and E. Es-sadiqi, Eds., 2000, p 3
M. Hayashi, H. Yoshimura, M. Ishii, and H. Hrada, Recrystallization Behaviour of Commercially Pure Titanium During Hot Rolling, Nippon Steel Technical Report No. 62, July 1994, p 64-68
F.M. Güçlü, H. Çimenoğlu, E.S. Kayalı, The Recrystallization and Thermal Oxidation Behaviour of CP-Titanium, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2006, 26, p 1367-1372
Y. G. Ko, D. H. Shin, K.T. Park, C. S. Lee, An Analysis of The Strain Hardening Behaviour of Ultra-Fine Grain Pure Titanium, Scripta Mater., 2006, 54, 1785-1789
A.V. Sergueeva, V.V. Stolyarov, R.Z. Valiev, A.K. Mukherjee, Advanced Mechanical Properties of Pure Titanium with Ultrafine Grained Structure, Scripta Mater., 2001, 45, 747-752
A.A. Popov, I. Yu. Pyshmintsev, S.L. Demakov, A.G. Illarionov, T.C. Lowe, A.V. Segeyeva, R.Z. Valiev, Structural, Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Titanium Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation, Scripta Mater., 1997, 37, p 1089-1094
D. Terada, S. Inoue, N. Tsuji, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Commercial Purity Titanium Severely Deformed by ARB Process, J. Mater. Sci., 2007, 42, p 1673-1681
D. A. Askeland, The Science and Engineering of Materials, Chapman and Hall, London, 1990, p 123
S. H. Zahiri, D. Fraser, S. Gulizia, M. Jahedi, Effect of processing conditions on porosity formation in cold gas dynamic spraying of copper, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15(3), 422-430
S. Nourbakhsh and T.D. O’Brien, Texture Formation and Transition in Cold-Rolled Titanium, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1988, 100, p 109-114
H. Fukai, K. Minakawa, C. Ouchi, Dynamic and static restoration processes in the α region of commercially pure titanium and effect of oxygen and iron on these processes, J. Iron and Steel Inst. Japan, 2005, 91(8), 676-684
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zahiri, S.H., Fraser, D. & Jahedi, M. Recrystallization of Cold Spray-Fabricated CP Titanium Structures. J Therm Spray Tech 18, 16–22 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-008-9212-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-008-9212-2