Abstract
In this study, a systematic examination on multi-particle impact process in cold spraying was conducted for copper material by using different methods including Lagrangian method, Eulerian method, and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. It is found that for the Lagrangian method, the meshing size and the element type significantly affect the resultant output. Moreover, the particle deformation behavior calculated by Eulerian method is more comparable to the experimental observation than that by Lagrangian method. Further study on the multi-particle impact process also demonstrates that Eulerian method is superior to Lagrangian method. In addition, the preliminary investigation on the mesh-free-based SPH method shows that this technique can provide a relatively reasonable result in the particle deformation behavior and the weight of the independent SPH particle exerts limited effects on the resultant output. Furthermore, owing to the meshfree feature and the appropriate solution to the contact interface, SPH method can also be employed to simulate the multi-particle impact process in cold spraying.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Papyrin, Cold Spray Technology, Adv. Mater. Process., 2001, 159(9), p 49-51
M. Grujicic, C.-L. Zhao, W.S. DeRosset, and D. Helfritch, Adiabatic Shear Instability Based Mechanism for Particles/Substrate Bonding in the Cold-Gas Dynamic-Spray Process, Mater. Des., 2004, 25(8), p 681-688
H. Assadi, F. Gärtner, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye, Bonding Mechanism in Cold Gas Spraying, Acta Mater., 2003, 51(15), p 4379-4394
T. Schmidt, F. Gärtner, H. Assadi, and H. Kreye, Development of a Generalized Parameter Window for Cold Spray Deposition, Acta Mater., 2006, 54(3), p 729-742
R.C. Dykhuizen, M.F. Smith, D.L. Gilmore, R.A. Neiser, X. Jiang, and S. Sampath, Impact of High Velocity Cold Spray Particles, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1999, 8(4), p 559-564
C.-J. Li, W.-Y. Li, and H.-L. Liao, Examination of the Critical Velocity for Deposition of Particles in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray. Technol., 2006, 15(2), p 212-222
M. Grujicic, J.R. Saylor, D.E. Beasley, W.S. DeRosset, and D. Helfritch, Computational Analysis of the Interfacial Bonding Between Feed-Powder Particles and the Substrate in the Cold-Gas Dynamic-Spray Process, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2003, 219(3-4), p 211-227
T. Schmidt, H. Assadi, F. Gärtner, H. Richter, T. Stoltenhoff, H. Kreye, and T. Klassen, From Particle Acceleration to Impact and Bonding in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18(5-6), p 794-808
G. Bae, Y. Xiong, S. Kumar, K. Kang, and C. Lee, General Aspects of Interface Bonding in Kinetic Sprayed Coatings, Acta Mater., 2008, 56(17), p 4858-4868
W.-Y. Li, H.-L. Liao, C.-J. Li, G. Li, C. Coddet, and X.-F. Wang, On High Velocity Impact of Micro-Sized Metallic Particles in Cold Spraying, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2006, 253(5), p 2852-2862
W.-Y. Li, H.-L. Liao, C.-J. Li, H.-S. Bang, and C. Coddet, Numerical Simulation of Deformation Behaviour of Al Particles Impacting on Al Substrate and Effect of Surface Oxide Films on Interfacial Bonding in Cold Spraying, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2007, 253(11), p 5084-5091
W.-Y. Li, C. Zhang, C.-J. Li, and H.-L. Liao, Modeling Aspects of High Velocity Impact of Particles in Cold Spraying by Explicit Finite Element Analysis, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18(5-6), p 921-933
W.-Y. Li and W. Gao, Some Aspects on 3D Numerical Modeling of High Velocity Impact of Particles in Cold Spraying by Explicit Finite Element Analysis, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2009, 255(18), p 7878-7892
S. Yin, X.-F. Wang, W.-Y. Li, and B.-P. Xu, Numerical Investigation on Effects of Interactions Between Particles on Coating Formation in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18(4), p 686-693
G. Bae, S. Kumar, S. Yoon, K. Kang, H. Na, H. Kim, and C. Lee, Bonding Features and Associated Mechanisms in Kinetic Sprayed Titanium Coatings, Acta Mater., 2009, 57(19), p 5654-5666
J.A. Zukas, Impact Dynamics, Wiley, New York, 1982, p 367-417
X.-J. Yuan, B.-L. Zha, G.-L. Hou, P.-J. Hou, L. Jiang, and H.-G. Wang, Multiscale Model on Deposition Behaviour of Agglomerate Metal Particles in a Low-Temperature High-Velocity Air Fuel Spraying Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2009, 18(3), p 411-420
W.-Y. Li, S. Yin, and X.-F. Wang, Numerical Investigations of the Effect of Oblique Impact on Particle Deformation in Cold Spraying by the SPH Method, Appl. Surf. Sci. (in press). doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.01.014
J.O. Hallquist, LS-DYNA Theoretical Manual, Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, CA, 1998
F. Colin, R. Egli, and F.-Y. Lin, Computing a Null Divergence Velocity Field Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, J. Comput. Phys., 2006, 217(2), p 680-692
H.H. Bui, K. Sako, and R. Fukagawa, Numerical Simulation of Soil-Water Interaction Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Method, J. Teruamech., 2007, 44(5), p 339-346
G.R. Johnson and W.H. Cook, Fracture Characteristics of Three Metals Subjected to Various Strains, Strain Rates, Temperatures, and Pressures, Int. J. Eng. Fract. Mech., 1985, 21(1), p 31-48
W.-Y. Li, “Study on the Effect of Particle Parameters on Deposition Behavior, Microstructure Evolution and Properties in Cold Spraying,” Ph.D Thesis, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China, 2005
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support by National 973 Basics Science Research Program (No. 2009CB724303) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50476075).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yin, S., Wang, Xf., Xu, Bp. et al. Examination on the Calculation Method for Modeling the Multi-Particle Impact Process in Cold Spraying. J Therm Spray Tech 19, 1032–1041 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-010-9489-9
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-010-9489-9