Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Application of benzothiadiazole and Trichoderma harzianum to control faba bean chocolate spot disease and their effect on some physiological and biochemical traits

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Acta Physiologiae Plantarum Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Chocolate spot disease is the most prevalent and important disease in the major faba bean growing regions in the world. Different concentrations of the abiotic inducer (0.3 and 0.5 mM benzothiadiazole) and the biotic inducer (1 × 107 and 2 × 107 spore/ml Trichoderma harzianum) were used alone or in combination to study their efficiency against faba bean chocolate spot disease caused by Botrytis fabae and Botrytis cinerea and their effect on some chemical analyses (phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, total flavonoids and peroxidase isozymes, pectin and lignin content and total chlorophyll content). Application of the tested inducers as foliar treatment significantly reduced the severity of chocolate spot disease as compared with untreated infected plants. The reduction in disease severity was associated with a gradual increase in phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. Maximum increase was recorded at 72 h after inoculation with B. fabae and B. cinerea. In addition, the levels of flavonoids in induced infected leaves recorded a sharp increase at 24 h after inoculation with B. fabae or B. cinerea. Also, pectin and lignin contents in the cell wall of induced infected plants were significantly increased as compared with untreated infected plants. Beside the induction of resistance, the tested inducers markedly increased total chlorophyll content in treated infected plants as compared with untreated infected plants. Isozymes analysis revealed that new peroxidase bands were induced only in treated faba bean leaves in response to infection with B. fabae or B. cinerea.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aleandri M, Reda P, Tagliaventao R, Magro V, Chilosi G (2010) Effect of chemical resistance inducers on the control of Monosporascus root rot and vine decline of melon. Phytopathol Medit 49(1):18–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hakimi AMA, Al-Ghalibi SMS (2007) Thiamin and salicylic acid as biological alternatives for controlling broad bean root rot disease. J App Sci Environ Manag 11(4):125–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Amaresh C, Bhatt RK (1998) Biochemical and physiological response to salicylic acid in relation to the systemic acquired resistance. Photosynthetica 35(2):255–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts, polyphenolase in Beta vulgaise. Plant Pathol 24:1–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asran MR, Eraky AM (2010) Induction of defence response against Fusarium wilt of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) by the biocontrol agents Trichoderma spp. Egypt J Phytopathol 38(1–2):149–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Ata AA, El-Samman MG, Moursy MA, Mostafa MH (2008) Inducing resistance against rust disease of sugar beet by certain chemical compounds. Egypt J Phytopathol 36(1–2):113–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahraminejed S, Asenstorfer RE, Riley IT, Schutz CJ (2008) Analysis of antimicrobial activity of flavonoids and saponins isolated from the shoots of oats (Avena sativa L.). J Phytopathol 156:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen N, Min HU, Chun Yan D, ShiMei Y (2010) The effects of inducing treatments on phenolic metabolism of melon leaves. Acta Hortic Sinica 37(11):1759–1766

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dever JE Jr, Bandurski RS, Kivilaan A (1968) Partial chemical characterization of corn root cell walls. Plant Physiol 43:50–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson D, Pascholati S, Hagerman A, Butler L, Nicholson R (1984) Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and hydroxyl cinnamate CoA ligase in maize mesocotyles inoculated with Helminthosporium carbonum. Physiol Plant Pathol 25:111–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dmitriev V, Tena M, Jorrin J (2003) Systemic acquired resistance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Tsitol I Genet 37(3):9–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elad Y (2000) Biological control of foliar pathogens by mean of Trichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action. Crop Protect 19(8–10):709–714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith DW, Shields BA (1981) Analysis of the initial stages of plant protoplast development using 33258 Hoechst: re-activation of the cell cycle. Physiol Plant 51:380–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez KA, Gomez AA (1984) Statistical procedures for agricultural research. A. Lviley. Interscience Publication, New York, p 678

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorlach J, Volrath S, Knauf-Beiter G, Hengy G, Beckhove U, Kogel KH, Oostendorp M, Staub T, Ward E, Kessmann H, Ryals J (1996) Benzothiadiazole, a novel class of inducers of systemic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat. Plant Cell 8(4):629–643

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Govindappa M, Lokesh S, Rai VR, Nail VR, Raju SG (2010) Induction of systemic resistance and management of safflower Macrophomina phaseolina root rot disease by biocontrol agents. Arch Phytopathol Plant Protect 43(1–3):26–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hafez YM (2010) Control of Botrytis cinerea by the resistance inducers benzothiadiazole (BTH) and hydrogen peroxide on white pepper fruits under post harvest storage. Acta Phytopathol et Entomol Hung 45(1):13–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanounik SB (1986) Screening techniques for disease resistance in faba bean. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Aleppo, Syria, p 59

  • Harman GE, Howell CR, Viterbo A, Chet I, Lorito M (2004) Trichoderma species—opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nature Rev 2:43–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertog MGL, Hollman PCH, Katan MB (1992) Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and fruits commonly in the Netherlands. J Agric Food Chem 40:2379–2383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan M, Radhika K, Mathiyazhagan S, Bhaskaran R, Samiyappan R, Velazhahan R (2006) Induction of phenolics and defense-related enzymes in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) roots treated with biological agents. Braz J Plant Physiol 18(3):367–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuler B, Wieczorek JF (2002) Local and systemic protection of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) against Botrytis cinerea Pers. Induced by benzothiadiazole. Acta Physiol Plant 24(3):273–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during assembly of head bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen AL, Benson WC (1970) Variety specific variants of oxidative enzymes from soybean seeds. Crop Sci 10:493–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lattanzio V, Veronica M, Lattanzio T, Cadinali A (2006) Role of phenolics in the resistance mechanisms of plants against fungal pathogens and insects. Phytochem: Adv Res :23–67. (Editor: Filippo imperator-Kerala, India)

  • Leach R, Moore KG (1966) Sporulation of Botrytis fabae on sugar cultures. Transl Br Mycol Soc 49:593–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lozovaya VV, Lygin AV, Zernova OV, Li S, Hartman GL, Widholm JM (2004) Isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean hairy roots upon treatment with Fusarium solani. Plant Physiol Biochem 42:671–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mader M, Ungemach J, Schloss P (1980) The role of peroxidase isozyme group of Nicotiana tabacum in hydrogen peroxide formation. Planta 147:467–470

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magro O, Ciambella C, Sborchia D, Aleande MP, Chilosi G, Timperio AM (2009) Constitutive and induced resistance in hazelnut cultivars. Acta Hortic 845:495–500

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud YAG, Ebrahim MKH, Aly MM (2004) Influence of some plant extracts and microbioagents on some physiological traits of faba bean infected with Botrytis fabae. Turkish J Bot 28(6):519–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Morkunas I, Marczak Ł, Stachowiak J, Stobiecki M (2005) Sucrose-induced lupine defense against Fusarium oxysporum. Sucrose-stimulated accumulation of isoflavonoids as a defense response of lupine to Fusarium oxysporum. Plant Physiol Biochem 43(4):363–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Motlagh MRS, Samimi Z (2013) Evaluation of Trichoderma spp., as biological agents in some of plant pathogens. Ann Biol Res 4(3):173–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Nafie E, Mazen MM (2008) Chemical induced resistance against brown stem rot in soybean: the effect of benzothiadiazole. J Appl Sci Res 4(12):2046–2064

    Google Scholar 

  • Nawar HF, Kuti JD (2003) Wyerone acid phytoalexin synthesis and peroxidase activity as markers for resistance of broad beans to chocolate spot disease. J Phytopathol 151:564–570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nianlai C, Qiao H, Ping C, XiaoYing N, Rui W (2010) Effects of BTH, SA and Sio2 treatment on disease resistance and leaf HRGP and lignin contents of melon seedlings. Sci Agric Sin 43(3):535–541

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng M, Kuc JA (1992) Peroxidase generated hydrogen peroxide as a source of antifungal activity in vitro and on tobacco leaf disks. Phytopathol 82:696–699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Picman AK, Schneider EF, Picman J (1995) Effect of flavonoids on mycelial growth of Verticillium alboatrum. Biochem Syst Ecol 23:683–693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Procter JTA (1981) Stomatal conductance changes in leaves of Micntosh apple trees and after fruit removal. Can J Bot 59:50–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ragazz E, Veronese G (1973) Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds after thin layer chromatographic separation. J Chromatogr 77:369–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MZ, Honda Y, Islam SZ, Arase S (2002) Effect of metabolic inhibitors on red light induced resistance of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) against Botrytis cinerea. J Phytopathol 150:463–468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahile S, Fininsa C, Sakhuja PK, Ahmed S (2010) Yield loss of faba bean (Vicia faba) due to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) in sole and mixed cropping systems in Ethiopia. Arch Phytopathol Plant Protect 43(12):1144–1159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar N, Zahid MH, Jamil FF (2011) Induced systemic resistance in chickpea against Ascochyta blight by safe chemicals. Pak J Bot 43(2):1381–1387

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Sain SK, Sindhu M, Kadu LN (2004) Integrated use of CGA245704 and Trichoderma harzianum on downy mildew suppression and enzymatic activity in cauliflower. Ann Agric Res 25(1):129–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Solntsev MK, Franstev VV, Karavaev VA, Yurina TP, Yurina EV (2005) Thermoluminescence of wheat leaves with the plant activator Bion. In: Modern fungicides and antifungal compounds IV: 14th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium, Friedrichroda, Thuringia, Germany, April 25–29

  • Sticher L, Mauch-Mani B, Métraux JP (1997) Systemic acquired resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 35:235–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugha SK, Develash RK, Siggh BM (1992) Biochemical alterations induced by Peronospore destructor in onion leaves. Indian Phytopathol 45:464–466

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vance CP, Kirk TK, Sherwood RT (1980) Lignification as mechanism of disease resistance. Ann Rev Phytopathol 18:259–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JW (1986) In vitro production of toxin by Colletotrichurm comelliae masses. Acta Phytophylactica Sin 13:151–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousef AM (2008) Studies on certain lentil diseases in Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac Agri Kafrelsheikh Univ

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Pathology Research Institute Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt

    Saieda S. Abd El-Rahman

  2. Department of Biological and Geological Science, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, El Makres St. Roxy, Cairo, 1575, Egypt (ARE)

    Heba I. Mohamed

Authors
  1. Saieda S. Abd El-Rahman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Heba I. Mohamed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heba I. Mohamed.

Additional information

Communicated by B. Barna.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Abd El-Rahman, S.S., Mohamed, H.I. Application of benzothiadiazole and Trichoderma harzianum to control faba bean chocolate spot disease and their effect on some physiological and biochemical traits. Acta Physiol Plant 36, 343–354 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1416-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1416-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation