Abstract
Capturing the value of industrial services is an issue of growing concern as services increasingly define manufacturing companies’ competitive market positions. In business markets, suppliers often create customized service packages (CSPs) to avoid difficult pricing decisions or tedious negotiations. However, using a unique dataset of responses from more than 450 managers collected through telephone-assisted online questionnaires, this study shows that the managerial practice is suboptimal. Customers’ willingness to pay for CSPs is almost 5% lower than it would be with separate assessments of the same service elements, which represents substantially lower value capture potential. Buying firms with strong purchasing power demand greater price discounts for CSPs, though the presentation format has less influence among large and experienced buyers, as long as services support customer processes. Switching from CSPs to separate service offerings can enhance supplier profitability, but it requires advanced marketing capabilities to understand, document, and communicate customer value in business markets.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Absolute values (e.g., 2,000€) were computed according to the price of the machine a respondent planned to buy. This machine and its respective price were gathered in a previous questionnaire stage; the information about the machine was available to the respondent throughout the online survey, at the top of the screen.
We gratefully acknowledge an anonymous reviewer for this suggestion.
References
Addelman, S. (1962). Orthogonal main-effect plans for asymmetrical factorial experiments. Technometrics, 4(2), 21–46.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423.
Anderson, J. C., & Narus, J. A. (1990). A model of distributor firm and manufacturer working partnerships. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 42–58.
Anderson, J. C., & Wynstra, F. (2010). Purchasing higher-value, higher-price offerings in business markets. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 17(1), 29–61.
Anderson, E., Chu, W., & Weitz, B. (1987). Industrial purchasing: an empirical exploration of the buy class framework. Journal of Marketing, 51(3), 71–86.
Anderson, J. C., Narus, J. A., & Narayandas, D. (2008). Business market management. Upper Saddle River: Pearson.
Antioco, M., Moenaert, R. K., Lindgreen, A., & Wetzels, M. G. M. (2008). Organizational antecedents to and consequences of service business orientation in manufacturing companies. Journal of the Academy Marketing Science, 36(3), 337–358.
Bauer, R. A. (1960). Consumer behavior as risk taking. In D. F. Cox (Ed.), Risk taking and information handling in consumer behavior (pp. 23–33). Boston: Harvard University Press.
Bennett, R., Härtel, C. E. J., & McColl-Kennedy, J. R. (2005). Experience as a moderator of involvement and satisfaction on brand loyalty in a business-to-business setting 02-314R. Industrial Marketing Management, 34(1), 97–107.
Bettman, J. R., Luce, M. F., & Payne, J. W. (1998). Constructive consumer choice processes. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(3), 187–217.
Bowen, D. E., Siehl, C., & Schneider, B. (1989). A framework for analyzing customer service in manufacturing. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 75–95.
Brax, S. (2005). A manufacturer becoming service provider: challenges and a paradox. Managing Service Quality, 15(2), 142–155.
Bröder, A. (2003). Decision making with the ‘adaptive toolbox’: Influence of environmental structure, intelligence, and working memory load. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29(4), 611–625.
Bunn, M. D. (1993). Taxonomy of buying decision approaches. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 38–56.
Cunningham, S. M. (1967). The major dimensions of perceived risk. In D. F. Cox (Ed.), Risk taking and information handling in consumer behavior (pp. 82–108). Boston: Harvard University Press.
Dolan, R. J., & Simon, H. (1997). Power pricing. New York: The Free Press.
Drumwright, M. E. (1992). A demonstration of anomalies in evaluations of bundling. Marketing Letters, 3(4), 311–321.
Eggert, A., Hogreve, J., Ulaga, W., & Muenkhoff, E. (2014). Revenue and profit implications of industrial service strategies. Journal of Service Research, 17(1), 23–39.
Eliaz, K., & Schotter, A. (2010). Paying for confidence: an experimental study of the demand for non-instrumental information. Games & Economic Behavior, 70(2), 304–324.
Fang, E., Palmatier, R. W., & Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M. (2008). Effect of service transition strategies on firm value. Journal of Marketing, 72(5), 1–14.
Feldman, J. M., & Lynch, J. G. (1988). Self-generated validity and other effects of measurement on belief, attitude, intention, and behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(3), 421–435.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388.
Gaeth, G. J., Levin, I. P., Chakraborty, G., & Levin, A. M. (1990). Consumer evaluation of multi-product bundles: an information integration analysis. Marketing Letters, 2(1), 47–57.
Ganesan, S. (1994). Determinants of long-term orientation in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 1–19.
Gardner Research (2014). The world machine-tool output & consumption survey. Retrieved May 26, 2014 from http://www.gardnerweb.com/cdn/cms/2014wmtocs_SURVEY.pdf.
Gebauer, H. (2007). An investigation of antecedents for the development of customer support services in manufacturing companies. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 14(3), 59–96.
Goldberg, S. M., Green, P. E., & Wind, Y. (1984). Conjoint analysis of price premiums for hotel amenities. Journal of Business, 57(1), 111–132.
Goodwin, P., & Wright, G. (2000). Decision analysis for management judgment. New York: Wiley.
Grant, S., Kajii, A., & Polak, B. (2000). Temporal resolution of uncertainty and recursive non-expected utility models. Econometrica, 68(2), 425–434.
Green, P. E., & Srinivasan, V. (1978). Conjoint analysis in consumer research: issues and outlook. Journal of Consumer Research, 5(2), 103–123.
Heide, J. B., & Weiss, A. M. (1995). Vendor consideration and switching behavior for buyers in high-technology markets. Journal of Marketing, 59(3), 30–43.
Homburg, C., Fassnacht, M., & Guenther, C. (2003). The role of soft factors in implementing a service-oriented strategy in industrial marketing companies. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 10(2), 23–51.
Hunter, G. K., Bunn, M. D., & Perreault, W. D. (2006). Interrelationships among key aspects of the organizational procurement process. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23(2), 155–170.
Jacob, F., & Ulaga, W. (2008). The transition from product to service in business markets: an agenda for academic inquiry. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(3), 247–253.
Jedidi, K., & Jagpal, S. (2009). Willingness to pay: measurement and managerial implications. In V. R. Rao (Ed.), Handbook of pricing research in marketing (pp. 37–60). Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Johnson, M. D., Herrmann, A., & Bauer, H. H. (1999). The effects of price bundling on consumer evaluations of product offerings. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 16(2), 129–142.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39(4), 341–350.
Mathieu, V. (2001). Product services: from a service supporting the product to a service supporting the client. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 16(1), 39–61.
Miller, K., Hofstetter, R., Krohmer, H., & Zhang, Z. J. (2011). How should consumers’ willingness to pay be measured? An empirical comparison of state-of-the-art approaches. Journal of Marketing Research, 48(1), 172–184.
Moon, J., & Tikoo, S. (2002). Buying decision approaches of organizational buyers and users. Journal of Business Research, 55(4), 293–299.
Muthen, L., & Muthen, B.O. (2012). Mplus statistical analysis with latent variables–user’s guide. Retrieved September 18, 2013 from http://www.statmodel.com/download/usersguide/Mplus%20user%20guide%20 Ver_7_r6_web.pdf.
Oliva, R., & Kallenberg, R. (2003). Managing the transition from products to services. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14(2), 160–172.
Ostrom, A. L., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., Burkhard, K. A., Goul, M., Smith-Daniels, V., Demirkan, H., & Rabinovich, E. (2010). Moving forward and making a difference: research priorities for the science of service. Journal of Service Research, 13(1), 4–36.
Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R., & Schkade, D. A. (1999). Measuring constructed preferences: toward a building code. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 19(1), 243–270.
Raddats, C., & Easingwood, C. (2010). Services growth options for B2B product-centric businesses. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(8), 1334–1345.
Read, D., Loewenstein, G., & Rabin, M. (1999). Choice bracketing. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 19(1–3), 171–197.
Redelmeier, D. A., & Tversky, A. (1992). On the framing of multiple prospects. Psychological Science, 3(3), 191–193.
Reinartz, W., & Ulaga, W. (2008). How to sell services more profitably. Harvard Business Review, 86(5), 90–96.
Rosenthal, E. C., Zydiak, J. L., & Chaudhry, S. S. (1995). Vendor selection with bundling. Decision Sciences, 26(1), 35–48.
Rushing, W. A. (1966). Organizational size, rules, and surveillance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2(1), 11–26.
Sawtooth Software (2007). The ACA/Web v6.0 technical paper. Sawtooth Software Technical Paper Series. Retrieved September 18, 2013 from http://www.sawtoothsoftware.com/download/techpap/acatech.pdf.
Shafir, E., & Tversky, A. (1992). Thinking through uncertainty: nonconsequential reasoning and choice. Cognitive Psychology, 24(4), 449–474.
Shankar, V., Berry, L. L., & Dotzel, T. (2009). A practical guide to combining products and services. Harvard Business Review, 87(11), 94–99.
Spiegler, R. (2011). Bounded rationality and industrial organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Srinivasan, V., & Park, C. S. (1997). Surprising robustness of the self-explicated approach to customer preference structure measurement. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(2), 286–291.
Stremersch, S., & Tellis, G. J. (2002). Strategic bundling of products and prices: a new synthesis for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 66(1), 55–72.
Terho, H., Haas, A., Eggert, A., & Ulaga, W. (2012). ‘It's almost like taking the sales out of selling’: towards a conceptualization of value-based selling in business markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(1), 174–185.
Thaler, R. (1985). Mental accounting and consumer choice. Marketing Science, 4(3), 199–214.
Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
Tuli, K. R., Kohli, A. K., & Bharadwaj, S. G. (2007). Rethinking customer solutions: from product bundles to relational processes. Journal of Marketing, 71(3), 1–17.
Turnbull, P., & Zolkiewski, J. (1997). Profitability in customer portfolio planning. In D. Ford (Ed.), Understanding business markets (2dth ed., pp. 305–325). London: Dryden Press.
Ulaga, W., & Loveland, J. (2014). Transitioning from product to service-led growth in manufacturing firms: emergent challenges in selecting and managing the industrial sales force. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(1), 113–125.
Ulaga, W., & Reinartz, W. (2011). Hybrid offerings: how manufacturing firms combine goods and services successfully. Journal of Marketing, 75(6), 5–23.
VDMA (2013). Mechanical engineering–figures and charts 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2014 from http://www.vdma.org/documents/105628/805395/MbauinZuB2013.pdf/5de48924-6257-41d2-aef0-d4d356eb2b1f.
Venkatesh, R., & Mahajan, V. (2009). The design and pricing of bundles: a review of normative guidelines and practical approaches. In V. R. Rao (Ed.), Handbook of pricing research in marketing (pp. 232–257). Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Wilson, L. O., Weiss, A. W., & John, G. (1990). Unbundling of industrial systems. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(2), 123–138.
Wise, R., & Baumgartner, P. (1999). Go downstream. The new profit imperative in manufacturing. Harvard Business Review, 77(5), 133–141.
Yadav, M. S. (1994). How buyers evaluate product bundles: a model of anchoring and adjustment. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(2), 342–353.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Lisa K. Scheer for her valuable insights on a previous version of this paper. Her constructive comments greatly helped us to improve the positioning of the paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendices
Appendix A
Appendix B
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Steiner, M., Eggert, A., Ulaga, W. et al. Do customized service packages impede value capture in industrial markets?. J. of the Acad. Mark. Sci. 44, 151–165 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0410-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0410-9