Abstract
Solidification cracking can occur in the fusion zone during the solidification of the weld metal. Liquation cracking, on the other hand, can occur in the partially melted zone during the solidification of the liquated material. These two types of cracking are reviewed in this article, including the factors that affect cracking and the remedies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Kou, Welding Metallurgy, 2nd edition (New York: John Wiley, 2003), pp. 263–339.
G.J. Davies and J.G. Garland, Int. Metal Rev., 20 (1975), p. 83.
D.C.G. Lees, J. Inst. Metals, 72 (1946), p. 343.
A.R.E. Singer and P.H. Jennings, J. Inst. Metals, 73 (1947), p. 273.
M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974).
H.F. Bishop et al., Trans. AFS, 68 (1960), p. 518.
J.C. Borland, Br. Weld. J., 7 (1960), p. 508.
J.C. Borland, Welding and Metal Fabrication, 47 (January/February 1979), pp. 19–29.
R.D. Stout, Weldability of Steels, 3rd edition, ed. R.D. Stout and W.D. Doty (New York: Welding Research Council, 1978), p. 252.
R.W. Messler, Jr., Principles of Welding, Processes, Physics, Chemistry and Metallurgy (New York: Wiley, 1999), pp. 557–589.
P.T. Houdcroft, Br. Weld. J., 2 (1955), p. 471.
J.A. Liptax and F.R. Baysinger, Weld. J., 47 (1968), p. 173s.
J.G. Garland and G.J. Davies, Metals Const. Br. Weld. J., 16 (December 1969), p. 565.
J.H. Rogerson, B. Cotterell, and J.C. Borland, Weld. J., 42 (1963), p. 264s.
W.F. Savage and C.D. Lundin, Weld. J., 44 (1965), p. 433s.
K. Nakata and F. Matsuda, Trans. JWRI, 24 (1995), p. 83.
K.F. Krysiak et al., Welding, Brazing, and Soldering, Volume 6 (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1993), p. 443.
J.N. DuPont, J.R. Michael, and B.D. Newbury, Weld. J., 78 (1999), p. 408s.
M.J. Cieslak, Weld. J., 66 (1987), p. 57s.
S.A. David and J.J. Woodhouse, Weld. J., 66 (1987), p. 129s.
T.W. Nelson et al., Weld. J., 76 (1997), p. 110s.
G.M. Goodwin, Weld. J., 66 (1987), p. 33s.
J.N. DuPont, C.V. Robino, and A.R. Marder, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 4 (1999), p. 1.
G.R. Pease, Weld. J., 36 (1957), p. 330s.
D.A. Canonico et al., Welding Research Council Symposium on Effects of Minor Elements on the Weldability of High-Nickel Alloys (New York: Welding Research Council, 1969), p. 68.
W.F. Savage, E.F. Nippes, and G.M. Goodwin, Weld. J., 56 (1977), p. 245s.
D.H. Kah and D.W. Dickinson. Weld. J., 60 (1981), p. 135s.
A.R.E. Singer and P.H. Jennings, J. Inst. Metals, 73 (1947), p. 197.
W.I. Pumphrey and J.V. Lyons, J. Inst. Metals, 74 (1948), p. 439.
J.D. Dowd, Weld. J., 31 (1952), p. 448s.
P.H. Jennings, A.R.E. Singer, and W.L. Pumphrey, J. Inst. Metals, 74 (1948), p. 227.
J.H. Dudas and F.R. Collins, Weld. J., 45 (1966), p. 241s.
E.J. Michaud, H.W. Kerr, and D.C. Weckman, Trends in Welding Research, ed. H.B. Smartt, J.A. Johnson, and S.A. David (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1995), p. 154.
A. Gueussier and R. Castro, Rev. Metall., 57 (1960), p. 117.
T. Takalo, N. Suutala, and T. Moisio, Metall. Trans., 10A (1979), p. 1173.
T.J. Lienert, Trends in Welding Research, ed. J.M. Vitek et al. (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1998), p. 726.
C.R. Smith, Trans. AIME, 175 (1948), p. 15.
F. Matsuda et al., Trans JWRI, 12 (1983), p. 93.
F. Matsuda et al., Trans JWRI, 13 (1984), p. 57.
M.J. Dvornak, R.H. Frost, and D.L. Olson, Weld. J., 68 (1989), p. 327s.
W.L. Pumphrey and D.C. Moore, J. Inst. Metals, 73 (1948), p. 425.
A.L. Schaeffler, Metal. Prog., 56 (1949), p. 680.
W.T. Delong, Weld. J., 53 (1974), p. 273s.
D.J. Kotecki, Weld. J., 78 (1999), p. 180s.
D.J. Kotecki, Weld. J., 79 (2000), p. 346s.
M.C. Balmforth and J.C. Lippold, Weld. J., 79 (2000), p. 339s.
J.M. Vitek, Y.S. Iskander, and E.M. Oblow, Weld. J., 79 (2000), pp. 33s and 41s.
J.M. Vitek, S.A. David, and C.R. Hinman, Weld. J., 82 (2003), p. 43s.
R.B. Smith, Welding, Brazing, and Soldering, Volume 6 (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1993), p. 642.
J.C. Borland, Br. Weld. J., 8 (1961), p. 526.
G.N. Heintze and R. McPherson, Weld. J., 65 (1986), p. 71s.
W.A. Petersen, Weld. J., 53 (1973), p. 74s.
B.P. Pearce and H.W. Kerr, Metall. Trans., 12B (1981), p. 479.
F. Matsuda et al., Trans. JWRI, 12 (1983), p. 93.
H. Yunjia et al., Weld. J., 68 (1983), p. 280s.
S. Sundaresan et al., Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 5 (2000), p. 257.
J.G. Garland, Metal Const. Br. Weld. J., 21 (1974), p. 121.
S. Kou and Y. Le, Weld. J., 64 (1985), p. 51.
S.A. David and C.T. Liu, Grain Refinement in Castings and Welds, ed. G.J. Abbaschian and S.A. David (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1983), p. 249.
C. Tseng and W.F. Savage, Weld. J., 50 (1971), p. 777.
S. Kou and Y. Le, Metall. Trans., 16A (1985), p. 1887.
S. Kou and Y. Le, Metall. Trans., 16A (1985), p. 1345.
O.W. Blodgett, Weld. Innovation Q., 2 (3) (1985), p. 4.
R.G. Thompson, ASM Handbook, volume 6 (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1993), p. 566.
N.F. Gittos and M.H. Scott, Weld. J., 60 (1981), p. 95s.
M.J. Cieslak, ASM Handbook, Welding, Brazing and Soldering, vol. 6 (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1993), p. 88.
G.E. Metzger, Weld. J., 46 (10) (1967), pp. 457s-469s.
J.E. Steenbergen and H.R. Thornton, Weld. J., 49 (2) (1970), pp. 61s-68s.
N.F. Gittos and M.H. Scott, Weld. J., 60 (6) (1981), pp. 95s-103s.
T. Ma and G. Den Ouden, Int. J. for the Joining of Materials (Denmark), 11 (3) (1999), pp. 61–67.
C. Huang and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Full-Penetration Aluminum Welds: Binary Al-Cu Welds,” submitted to Welding Journal.
C. Huang and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Full-Penetration Aluminum Welds: Al-Mg vs. Al-Si Fillers for Welding Al-Mg-Si Alloys,” submitted to Welding Journal.
Pandat, computer software developed by Compu-Therm LLC, Madison, WI.
M. Katoh and H.W. Kerr, Weld. J., 66 (1987), p. 360s.
H.W. Kerr and M. Katoh, Weld. J., 66 (1987), p. 251s.
M. Miyazaki et al., Weld. J., 69 (1990), p. 362s.
C. Huang, G. Cao, and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Partial-Penetration Aluminum Welds: Assessing Tendencies to Liquate, Crack and Backfill,” submitted to Science and Technology of Welding and Joining.
C. Huang, S. Kou, and J.R. Purins, Proceedings of Merton C. Flemings symposium on Solidification and Materials Processing, ed. R. Abbaschian, H. Brod, and A. Mortensen (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 2001), p. 229.
R.G. Thompson et al. Weld. J., 64 (1985), p. 91s.
H. Guo, M.C. Chaturvedi, and N.L. Richards, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 4 (1999), p. 257.
W. Yeniscavich, Methods of High-Alloy Weldability Evaluation, (New York: Welding Research Council, 1970), p. 1.
W.R. Apblett and W.S. Pellini, Weld. J., 33 (1954), p. 83s.
M.J. Cieslak, ASM Handbook, Welding, Brazing and Soldering, vol. 6 (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1993), p. 495.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
For more information, contact Sindo Kou, University of Wisconsin, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; (608) 262-0576; fax (608) 262-8648; e-mail kou@engr.wisc.edu.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kou, S. Solidification and liquation cracking issues in welding. JOM 55, 37–42 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-003-0137-4
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-003-0137-4