Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Trends in Solidification Grain Size and Morphology for Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V

  • Published:
JOM Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is used for both prototyping and production of final parts. Therefore, there is a need to predict and control the microstructural size and morphology. Process mapping is an approach that represents AM process outcomes in terms of input variables. In this work, analytical, numerical, and experimental approaches are combined to provide a holistic view of trends in the solidification grain structure of Ti-6Al-4V across a wide range of AM process input variables. The thermal gradient is shown to vary significantly through the depth of the melt pool, which precludes development of fully equiaxed microstructure throughout the depth of the deposit within any practical range of AM process variables. A strategy for grain size control is demonstrated based on the relationship between melt pool size and grain size across multiple deposit geometries, and additional factors affecting grain size are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig.5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. Beuth, J. Fox, J. Gockel, C. Montgomery, R. Yang, H. Qiao, E. Soylemez, P. Reeseewatt, A. Anvari, S. Narra, and N. Klingbeil, in SFF Proceedings, p. 655 (2013).

  2. J. Beuth and N. Klingbeil, JOM 53, 36 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. S. Bontha, N.W. Klingbeil, P.A. Kobryn, and H.L. Fraser, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 513, 311 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. S. Bontha, N.W. Klingbeil, P.A. Kobryn, and H.L. Fraser, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 178, 135 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Gockel, J. Beuth, and K. Taminger, Addit. Manuf. 1, 119 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. J. Gockel, J. Fox, J. Beuth, and R. Hafley, Mater. Sci. Technol. 31, 912 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. J.D. Hunt, Mater. Sci. Eng. 65, 75 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. P. Kobryn and S. Semiatin, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 13, 330 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Rosenthal, Trans. ASME 68, 849 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. Gockel, N.W. Klingbeil, and S. Bontha, Metall. Trans. B 47B, 1400 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. L.C. Sheridan, Wright State University Master’s Thesis (2016).

  12. A. Vasinonta, J. Beuth, and M. Griffith, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 129, 101 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Kuntz, Wright State University Master’s Thesis (2016).

  14. R.R. Dehoff, M.M. Kirka, W.J. Sames, H. Bilheux, A.S. Tremsin, L.E. Lowe, and S.S. Babu, Mater. Sci. Technol. 31, 931 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. H.L. Wei, J. Mazumder, and T. DebRoy, Sci. Rep. p. 5 (2015).

  16. C. Körner, H. Helmer, A. Bauereiß, and R.F. Singer, in MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 14 (2014).

  17. S. Narra, Carnegie Mellon Ph.D. Thesis, (2017).

  18. J. Gockel, Carnegie Mellon Ph.D. Thesis (2014).

  19. S. Narra, R. Cunningham, J. Beuth, and A.D. Rollett, Carnegie Mellon University, Unpublished Research (2017).

  20. S. Narra, R. Cunningham, D. Christiansen, J. Beuth, and T. Rollett, in SFF Proceedings, p. 626 (2015).

Download references

Acknowledgements

Funding was provided by The National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, and The National Science Foundation Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation (CMMI-1335196, CMMI-1335298, CMMI-1131266 and CMMI-1131579).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, OH, 45324, USA

    Joy Gockel, Luke Sheridan & Nathan W. Klingbeil

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Sneha P. Narra & Jack Beuth

Authors
  1. Joy Gockel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Luke Sheridan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sneha P. Narra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nathan W. Klingbeil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jack Beuth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joy Gockel.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gockel, J., Sheridan, L., Narra, S.P. et al. Trends in Solidification Grain Size and Morphology for Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V. JOM 69, 2706–2710 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2601-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2601-6

Search

Navigation