Abstract
The identification of temporal change in the extent of coral reefs and mangroves patches along the Narara and Kalubhar islands was performed using multi-temporal data from 1999 to 2010 (LISS III and LISS IV (MX)). For extracting coral reefs, the reflectances of the feature were studied and using a few sample locations identified by sea-truthing, the reflectances of the corals were observed in different bands. Since these values were not normally distributed, it was considered best to use the modal value of the dataset. The final range was taken as ±1 from the mode, which was used for the extraction of coral pixels. The findings suggested that the coral cover depleted from 19.35 to 9.11 km2 in the study area. The second objective of extracting the mangroves was accomplished by employing the technique of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This technique gave better results as it not only identified the mangrove swamps but also differentiated between the dense and sparse. The greatest variance in the dataset could be identified by this method, thereby making it easier to outline the variations existing within the mangroves. The findings highlighted that out of the total area mangroves covered 38.81 km2 in 2010 while in 1999, they covered only 30.69 km2 ascertaining the impact of mangrove restoration projects functioning in the area.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- DN:
-
Digital number
- ETM:
-
Enhanced thematic mapper
- GCP:
-
Ground control points
- GoK:
-
Gulf of Kachchh
- ITZ:
-
Inter-tidal zone
- IRS:
-
Indian remote sensing
- LISS:
-
Linear imaging self scanner
- LTL:
-
Low tide line
- MNP:
-
Marine national park
- MSS:
-
Multispectral scanner system
- NDVI:
-
Normalized difference vegetation index
- NHO:
-
National hydrographic office
- NIO:
-
National Institute of Oceanography
- NIR:
-
Near infra-red
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- SWIR:
-
Short wave infra-red
- TM:
-
Thematic mapper
References
Anonymous (2011) Comprehensive monitoring of marine ecology off Sikka – Vadinar, April 2012, NIO/SP-16/2011, SSP 2381. National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai
Anonymous (2011) Comprehensive marine EIA study for proposed enhanced handling capacity from 21 to 50 MMTPA of IOCL SPMs in the Gulf of Kachchh at Vadinar, NIO/SP-45/2011, SSP 2390. National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai
Benfield SL, Guzman HM, Mair JM, Young JAT (2007) Mapping the distribution of coral reefs and associated sublittoral habitats in pacific panama: a comparison of optical satellite sensors and classification methodologies. Int J Remote Sens 28(22):5047–5070
Bioinformatics Centre (1998) Mangrove ecosystem of India. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula
Biswas N (2009) Gulf of Kutch marine national park and marine wildlife sanctuary: a case study. International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, Chennai
Chander G, Markham BL, Barsi JA (2007) Revised Landsat-5 thematic mapper radiometric calibration. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 4(3)
Chatterjee B, Porwal MC, Hussin YA (2008) Assessment of tsunami damage to mangrove in India using remote sensing and GIS. ISPRS Archives, Vol. XXXVII. Part B8. Beijing 2008
Clevers J (2010) Lectures on remote sensing: principal component analysis. Center of Geo-Information, Environmental Sciences, Wageningen
Dixit AM, Kumar L, Kumar P, Pathak K (2010) Valuing the Services of Coral Reef Systems for Sustainable Coastal Management: Case Study of the Gulf of Kachchh (India), Center for Environment and Social Concerns (CESC). In: Kumar P, Wood MA (eds) Valuation of regulating services of ecosystems: methodology and applications. Routledge, London, pp 190–206
Forests and Environment Department (2012) Webpage on information of forests and environmental department. Government of Gujarat. http://www.envforguj.in/. Accessed 19 Oct 2012
Green EP, Mumby PJ, Clark CD, Edwards AJ, Ellis AC (1998) Remote sensing techniques for mangrove mapping. Int J Remote Sens 19(5):935–956
Groom GB, Fuller RM, Jones AR (1996) Contextual correction: techniques for improving land cover mapping from remotely sensed data. Int J Remote Sens 17:69–89
Hochberg EJ, Atkinson MJ, Andréfouët S (2003) Spectral reflectance of coral reef bottom-types worldwide and implications for coral reef remote sensing. Remote Sens Environ 85:159–173
Huston MA (1994) Biological diversity: the coexistence of species on changing landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Jensen JR (1986) Introductory digital image processing: a remote sensing perspective. Prentice Hall, Eagle Wood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA. In Munyati C (2004) Use of Principal Component Analysis of Remote Sensing Images in Wetland Change Detection on the Kafue Flats, Zambia, Geocarto International, 19:3, pp.11–22
Jolliffe IT (2002) Principal component analysis, 2nd edn. Springer Series in Statistics, Springer – Verlag New York Inc, New York. doi:10.1007/b98835
Kakuta S, Hiramatsu T, Mitani T, Numata Y, Yamano H, Aramaki M (2010) Satellite based mapping of coral reefs in East Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia Regions, ISPRS Archives, Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan 2010, pp. 534–537
ICMAM (Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management) Report (2002) Geographic information system for gulf of Kachchh. Department of Ocean Development, Government of India
Mumby PJ, Green EP, Edwards AJ, Clark CD (1997) Coral reef habitat mapping: how much detail can remote sensing provide? Mar Biol 130:193–202
Mumby PJ, Clark CD, Green EP, Edwards AJ (1998) Benefits of water column correction and contextual editing for mapping coral reefs. Int J Remote Sens 19:203–210
Munyati C (2004) Use of principal component analysis of remote sensing images in wetland change detection on the Kafue Flats, Zambia. Geocarto Int 19(3):11–22
Muraleedharan PK, Swarupanandan K, Anitha V, Ajithkumar C (2009) The conservation of mangroves in Kerala: economic and ecological linkages. Division of Forestry and Human Dimension, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, p 24
Nair VS (2002) Status of Flora and Fauna of Gulf of Kachchh. Digital Repository Service, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa
Nayak S, Bahuguna A (2001) Application of remote sensing data to monitor mangroves and other coastal vegetation of India. Indian J Mar Sci 30(4):195–213
NOAA (2010) Coral reef conservation program, Goals and Objectives, 2010–2015, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, pp. 8
Pandeya A, Nayak S, Aggarwal JO (1989) Monitoring of ecological changes in the marine national park using satellite data. Scientific Note, Space Applications Center, ITRS-UP/SAC/MCE/SN/24/89, Ahmedabad
Ramachandran S (2000) Application of remote sensing and GIS, International network on water environment and health, United Nations University, Training Course on Mangroves and Biodiversity (course material), pp. 540–557
Sader SA, Powell GVN, Roppole JH (1991) Migratory bird habitat monitoring through remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 12, pp. 363–372. In Munyati Christopher (2004) Use of principal component analysis of remote sensing images in wetland change detection on the Kafue Flats, Zambia, Geocarto International, 19:3, pp.11–22
Shukla BS (2011) The Gulf of Kachchh – Physiography and dynamics, Late quaternary morphodynamic evolution of the northern coast of gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat, Western India, Ph.D. thesis, Shodhganda data repository, Chapter 2, pp. 44–46
Son TPH, Tan CK, Ransi V (2007) Remote sensing for coral mapping and monitoring of coral bleaching in coastal waters of Vietnam, Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam; United National University, Japan and; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency, USA
Srinivasa T, Mahendra RS, Nayak S, Radhakrishnan K, Sahu KC (2012) Identification of hot spots and well managed areas of Pichavaram mangrove using Landsat TM and Resourcesat – LISS IV: an example of coastal resource conservation along Tamil Nadu Coast, India. J Coast Conserv 16:1–12. doi:10.1007/s11852-011-0162-3
Swaminathan MS (2005) Report of the Committee: to review the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification (1991). Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi
Syste N (2014) Mangrove Ecology, The Encyclopedia of Earth, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, Article 159955
Tam NFY, Wong YS (1998) Variations of soil nutrient and organic matter content in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Water Air Pollut 103:245–261
Tam NFY, Li SH, Lan CY, Chen GZ, Li MS, Wong YS (1995) Nutrients and heavy metal contamination of plants and sediments in Futian mangrove forest. Hydrobiologia 295:149–158
Thanikachalam M (2010) Digital and visual analyses of IRS satellite data for zonation and change deduction of coral reefs in gulf of Mannar marine biosphere reserve. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences 1(3):308–326
Vanderstraete T, Goosens R (2005) Using remote sensing and GIS for integrated coastal zone management, A case study: the coral reefs in the Northwestern Red Sea (Hurghada, Egypt), presented at the Eighth International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Website of Jamnagar district (2012) Information on marine national park. http://www.jamnagar.org/mnp.htm. Accessed 19 Oct 2012
Whitepaper of Digital Globe (2010) The benefits of the 8 spectral bands of WorldView -2
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Director, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa for his constant encouragement. Also, the authors extend their gratitude to National Remote Sensing Center, (Indian Space Research Organization) for providing IRS ID LISS III and IRS P6 LISS IV data. This is NIO contribution No. 5755.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prerna, R., Naidu, V.S., Sukumaran, S. et al. Observed decadal changes in extent of mangroves and coral reefs in southern Gulf of Kachchh using principal component analysis and geo-spatial techniques: a case study. J Coast Conserv 19, 257–267 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-015-0385-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-015-0385-9