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Macroscopic to microscopic scales of particle dosimetry: from source to fate in the body

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Abstract

Additional perspective with regards to particle dosimetry is achieved by exploring dosimetry across a range of scales from macroscopic to microscopic in scope. Typically, one thinks of dosimetry as what happens when a particle is inhaled, where it is deposited, and how it is cleared from the body. However, this paper shows a much more complicated picture starting with emissions sources, showing how the source-to-intake fraction (iF) can be used to estimate changes in the inhaled dose due to changes in emissions and then ending with particle–liquid, particle–cellular and subcellular interactions, and movement of ultrafine particles across the lung–blood barrier. These latter issues begin to suggest mechanisms that can lead to adverse health effects; the former can provide guidance to policy decisions designed to reduce the health impact of atmospheric particles. The importance of ultrafine particles, their ability to translocate to other parts of the body, and the potential impact of these particles has advanced significantly over the last decade, including studies that show the movement of ultrafine particles along the olfactory nerves in the nose with direct transport to the brain, the neurological effects of which are still unknown. Incremental advancements continue with regards to understanding particle deposition, including regional and local deposition (including hot spots) and clearance and the factors that affect these variables, in part due to the development and implementation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models and digital imaging of the lungs. CFD modeling will continue to provide new information for reducing uncertainty in dosimetric calculations. We understand better today how a number of diseases may develop based on the fate of particles after deposition in the respiratory track and how changes in source emissions might impact that dose. However, a number of uncertainties remain, some of which can be reduced by addressing the research needs stated in this paper.

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Notes

  1. American Association for Aerosol Research held in San Diego, CA March 22–26, 2010, http://aaar.2010specialty.org/ (Solomon et al. 2011).

  2. Air Pollution and Health, 2010 (Solomon et al. 2011) SQ4: “What advances have been made in understanding the relationships between exposure, both spatially and temporally, and estimates of dose that tie to health outcomes?”

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Acknowledgments

The preparation of this informative summary, in response to the forth policy-relevant Science Question that was addressed in part at the 2010 International Air Pollution and Health conference, was supported in part by the Charles S. Stocking Family Trust (Dr. Phalen) and the CA Air Resources Board ARB-08-306 (Dr. Méndez). The group from Switzerland received generous financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Animal Free Research Foundation, the Gottfried and Julia Bangerter-Rhyner-Foundation, the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, the Foundation Johanna-Dürmüller-Bol, the Lungenliga Schweiz, and the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment is greatly appreciated. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest and do not have a financial relationship with the sponsors of the conference. The US Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development partially funded and managed the development of this journal article. It has been subjected to the Agency’s administrative review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV, USA

    Paul A. Solomon

  2. Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Peter Gehr, Martin Clift & Christina Brandenberger

  3. Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    Deborah H. Bennett

  4. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

    Robert F. Phalen & Loyda B. Méndez

  5. Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

    Loyda B. Méndez

  6. Pacific Southwest Regional Center of Excellence, Irvine, CA, USA

    Loyda B. Méndez

  7. Bio-Nanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Marly, Switzerland

    Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

  8. Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

    Christian Mühlfeld

Authors
  1. Paul A. Solomon
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  2. Peter Gehr
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  3. Deborah H. Bennett
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  4. Robert F. Phalen
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  5. Loyda B. Méndez
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  6. Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
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  7. Martin Clift
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  8. Christina Brandenberger
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  9. Christian Mühlfeld
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul A. Solomon.

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Solomon, P.A., Gehr, P., Bennett, D.H. et al. Macroscopic to microscopic scales of particle dosimetry: from source to fate in the body. Air Qual Atmos Health 5, 169–187 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-011-0167-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-011-0167-y

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