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Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions

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Abstract

Epidemiologic studies have linked diesel exhaust (DE) to cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, as well as lung cancer. DE composition is known to vary with many factors, although it is unclear how this influences toxicity. We generated eight DE atmospheres by applying a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design and altering three parameters in a controlled exposure facility: (1) engine load (27 vs 82 %), (2) particle aging (residence time ~5 s vs ~5 min prior to particle collection), and (3) oxidation (with or without ozonation during dilution). Selected exposure concentrations of both diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and DE gases, DEP oxidative reactivity via DTT activity, and in vitro DEP toxicity in murine endothelial cells were measured for each DE atmosphere. Cell toxicity was assessed via measurement of cell proliferation (colony formation assay), cell viability (MTT assay), and wound healing (scratch assay). Differences in DE composition were observed as a function of engine load. The mean 1-nitropyrene concentration was 15 times higher and oxidative reactivity was two times higher for low engine load versus high load. There were no substantial differences in measured toxicity among the three DE exposure parameters. These results indicate that alteration of applied engine load shifts the composition and can modify the biological reactivity of DE. While engine conditions did not affect the selected in vitro toxicity measures, the change in oxidative reactivity suggests that toxicological studies with DE need to take into account engine conditions in characterizing biological effects.

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Abbreviations

Ba:

Barium

Ca:

Calcium

CMD:

Count median diameter

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

Cr:

Chromium

Cu:

Copper

DE:

Diesel exhaust

DEP:

Diesel exhaust particulate

DTNB:

5,5’-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

EC:

Elemental carbon

Fe:

Iron

GE:

Gasoline exhaust

HPEM:

Harvard personal environmental monitor

Mg:

Magnesium

MMAD:

Mass median aerodynamic diameter

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

Ni:

Nickel

1-NP:

1-Nitropryene

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOx :

Oxides of nitrogen

NO2 :

Nitrogen dioxide

OC:

Organic carbon

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Pb:

Lead

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

PM2.5 :

Fine particulate matter

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene

SD:

Standard deviation

Sn:

Tin

TNB:

3-Thio-6-nitrobenzoate

TRAP:

Traffic-related air pollution

UV:

Ultraviolet

UW:

University of Washington

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this study was provided by NIH/NIEHS Grants T32ES015459, T32ES007032, P50ES015915, and P30ES007033, and the Amgen Scholar’s Program. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Julie Richman Fox, David P. Cox, Terrance J. Kavanagh, Michael H. Paulsen, Lianne Sheppard, Christopher D. Simpson, James A. Stewart, Timothy V. Larson & Joel D. Kaufman

  2. School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    Bertram E. Drury

  3. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Timothy R. Gould & Timothy V. Larson

  4. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Lianne Sheppard

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  1. Julie Richman Fox
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  2. David P. Cox
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Correspondence to Julie Richman Fox.

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Fox, J.R., Cox, D.P., Drury, B.E. et al. Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions. Air Qual Atmos Health 8, 507–519 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-014-0301-8

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