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Biofilms from micro/nanocellulose of \(\hbox {NaBH}_{4}\)-modified kraft pulp

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Abstract

Industrial applications of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) have been in use for some time; however, there is a need to improve the production steps and at the same time to obtain better quality products. NFC and MFC were generated from \(\hbox {NaBH}_{4}\)-modified kraft pulp, produced from a red gum tree plant (Eucalyptus camaldulensis). The generated NFC and MFC were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and \(^{13}\hbox {C}\)-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Morphological and viscoelastic properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and rheometry, respectively. The storage moduli of biofilms produced from NFC and MFC were investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Both exhibited mostly identical FTIR spectra. When the spectra were compared with those of \(\hbox {NaBH}_{4}\)-modified kraft pulp, minor shifts were observed due to crystallinity. In NMR spectra, disordered cellulose structures were observed for both NFC and MFC, and these findings were also confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. Rheology studies revealed that the lowest viscosity was observed with MFC. TGA results showed that NFC degraded earlier compared with \(\hbox {NaBH}_{4}\)-modified kraft pulp. DMTA exhibited that NFC films had about six times higher storage modulus compared with MFC.

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Acknowledgements

We thank TUBITAK (Project Number: COST 114O022) for supporting this research. We also acknowledge Istanbul University Research Fund for financially supporting this study (Project Numbers 4806 and 19515).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forest Product Engineering Department, Faculty of Forestry, Duzce University, 81620, Duzce, Turkey

    Ayhan Tozluoğlu & Recai Arslan

  2. Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, Duzce University, 81620, Duzce, Turkey

    Bayram Poyraz

  3. Forest Product Engineering Department, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, 34473, Istanbul, Turkey

    Zeki Candan

  4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey

    Mustafa Yavuz

Authors
  1. Ayhan Tozluoğlu
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  2. Bayram Poyraz
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  4. Mustafa Yavuz
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  5. Recai Arslan
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Correspondence to Ayhan Tozluoğlu.

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Tozluoğlu, A., Poyraz, B., Candan, Z. et al. Biofilms from micro/nanocellulose of \(\hbox {NaBH}_{4}\)-modified kraft pulp. Bull Mater Sci 40, 699–710 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-017-1416-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-017-1416-y

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