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Lipoteichoic acids as a major virulence factor causing inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 2

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Abstract

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, is associated with various inflammatory diseases ranging from minor skin diseases to severe sepsis. It is known that LTA is recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), leading to the initiation of innate immune responses and further development of adaptive immunity. However, excessive immune responses may result in the inflammatory sequelae that are involved in severe diseases such as sepsis. Although numerous studies have tried to identify the molecular basis for the pathophysiology of Gram-positive bacterial infection, the exact role of LTA during the infection has not been clearly elucidated. This review provides an overview of LTA structure and host recognition by TLR2 that leads to the activation of innate immune responses. Emphasis is placed on differential immunostimulating activities of LTAs of various Gram-positive bacteria at the molecular level.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea, which is funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2015R1A2A1A15055453 and NRF-2015M2A2A6A01044894), Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (PJ01112401 and PJ01112402), Rural Development Administration, and the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute, which is funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (HI14C0469), Republic of Korea.

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  1. Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Building 86, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea

    Seok-Seong Kang, Ju-Ri Sim & Seung Hyun Han

  2. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea

    Cheol-Heui Yun

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  1. Seok-Seong Kang
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Correspondence to Seung Hyun Han.

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Kang, SS., Sim, JR., Yun, CH. et al. Lipoteichoic acids as a major virulence factor causing inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 2. Arch. Pharm. Res. 39, 1519–1529 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-016-0804-y

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