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Seasonal Hydrochemical Characterization and Groundwater Quality Delineation Based on Matter Element Extension Analysis in a Paper Wastewater Irrigation Area, Northwest China

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Abstract

The current study was carried out to delineate the seasonal hydrochemical characteristics and to quantify the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in an alluvial plain adjacent to a paper wastewater irrigation zone, northwest China. Groundwater samples were collected from 14 groundwater monitoring wells in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Statistical analysis and Chadha diagram were used to delineate the groundwater hydrochemical characteristics. The matter element extension analysis (MEEA) model was proposed to quantify the overall groundwater quality. Irrigation water quality indicators were applied to assess the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose. The research results show that the hydrochemical facies for the majority of the groundwater samples is SO4·Cl–Na type with some minor hydrochemical facies of HCO3–Ca·Mg, HCO3–Na, and Cl·SO4–Ca·Mg types. The sequences of ions are Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ for cations, and HCO3 − > Cl− > SO4 2− > CO3 2− for anions. The major ions and contaminants in the groundwater are controlled by multiple factors including hydrogeological conditions, rock weathering, water–rock interactions and human activities. The values of pH, TDS and TH show reduction in the monsoon season, indicating slight improvement of water quality during the monsoon season. Water quality assessment results based on MEEA show that the overall groundwater quality in the wastewater irrigation zone is generally fair to poor quality. Some groundwater samples are even classified as very poor quality, which is unsuitable for human consumption. They are also unsuitable for irrigation because of potential sodium hazard and salinity hazard. Groundwater from the Yellow River irrigation zone and the alluvial plain is generally suitable for domestic and irrigation uses. Some local water sampling locations may experience water quality improvement during the monsoon season, which, however, will generally not affect the final water quality classification for domestic and irrigation purposes. Interestingly, the study also finds that the variation trend of the correlation degree computed from MEEA can be useful in determining water quality improvement. This study may provide insights for people to make educated decisions in efficient groundwater quality protection and sustainable groundwater quality management.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful for the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (41502234, 41602238), the Research Funds for Young Stars in Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province (2016KJXX-29), the Foundation of Outstanding Young Scholar of Chang’an University (310829153509), the General Financial Grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015M580804), the Special Financial Grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016T090878), the Special Financial Grant from the Shaanxi Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015BSHTDZZ09), the Innovation Training Program for Undergraduate Students of Chang’an University (201610710073, 201710710099 and 201710710100), and the Joint Foundation of Key Laboratory of Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (KF201601). We appreciated the help from Hui Qian, Hongwei Liu, Jing Jin, Wenjuan Xi, Hui Jin and Yulong Zhang during the field investigation. Reviewers and editors are also acknowledged for their useful comments which have helped us improving the quality of our paper.

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  1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, China

    Peiyue Li, Song He, Xiaodong He & Rui Tian

  2. Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, China

    Peiyue Li, Song He, Xiaodong He & Rui Tian

  3. Key Laboratory of Groundwater Science and Engineering, Ministry of Land and Resources, No. 268 Zhonghua Street, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China

    Peiyue Li

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Li, P., He, S., He, X. et al. Seasonal Hydrochemical Characterization and Groundwater Quality Delineation Based on Matter Element Extension Analysis in a Paper Wastewater Irrigation Area, Northwest China. Expo Health 10, 241–258 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-017-0258-6

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