Abstract
Due to demand perspective, online 3D visualization and analysis of geospatial data using web 3D service (W3DS) has become an emerging research area in the geographic information system (GIS) domain. The applications of Web 3D GIS address the issues related to disaster management, city planning, transportation system, flood simulation etc. CityGML is a recently developed open geospatial consortium (OGC) standard. It can be used to outline, store and exchange virtual 3D city common information models. A plethora of open source and commercial softwares have been developed for visualization and processing of CityGML data, but its visualization and analysis in the web browser environment is still a challenging field. Although many application programming interfaces (APIs) have been customized for visualization of 3D graphics on the web, but these required specific web browsers with additional plug-ins or components. To overcome the above said limitations, Web 3D open source technologies such as WebGL, X3D, jQuery and X3DOM have been used in the developed application for flood simulation and querying on the modern web browsers. The developed application has been utilized freely available CityGML of the small region in Germany for the testing and evaluation of flood simulation and querying in a multiuser access environment. As a result, W3DS has been introduced in the application for accessing 3D dataset in an interoperable framework.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Behr, J., Eschler, P., Jung, Y., & Zollner, M. (2010). X3DOM: A DOM-Based HTML5/X3D Integration Model. Proc. of the 15th International Conference on Web 3D Technology, July 24-25, Los Angeles, California.
CityGML datasets. (2014). Virtual 3D city models. http://www.citygml.org/?id=1539. Accessed 26 Mar 2014.
Daly, L., & Brutzman, D. (2007). X3D: Extensible 3d graphics standard [Standards in a Nutshell]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 24, 130–135.
Evans, A., Romeo, M., Bahrehmand, A., Agenjo, J., & Josep, B. (2014). 3D graphics on the way: A survey. Computer & Graphics, 41, 43–61.
Feng, L., Wang, C., Li, C., & Li, Z. (2011). A research for 3D WebGIS based on WebGL. International conference on computer science and network technology, IEEE. December 24-26, Beijing, China.
Ho-Geun, L., Kyong-Ho, K., & Kiwon, L. (1998). Development of 3- dimensional GIS running on Internet. Proc. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Seattle:IGARSS.
Karnatak, H. C., Bhatia, K., & Saran, S. (2007). Multicriteria decision analysis in Web GIS environment. Geoinformatica, 11, 407–429.
Karnatak, H. C., Shukla, R., Sharma, V. K., Murthy, Y. V. S., & Bhanumurthy, V. (2012). Spatial mashup technology and real time data integration in geo-web application using open source GIS – a case study for disaster management. Geocarto International, 27, 499–514.
Khronos Group. (2013). WebGL- OpenGL ES 2.0 for the Web. http://www.khronos.org/webgl. Accessed 16 Dec 2013.
Kolbe, T. (2009). Representing and exchanging 3D city models with CityGML, in 3D Geo-Information Sciences, ser. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 15–31. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87395-2_2. Accessed 26 June 2014.
Mao, B., & Ban, Y. (2011). Online visualization of 3D city model using CityGML and X3DOM. Cartographica, 46, 109–114.
Mao, B., Ban, Y., & Harrie, L. (2011). A multiple representation data structure for dynamic visualisation of generalised 3D city models. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 66, 198–208.
Punia, M., & Pandey, D. (2006). 3D landscape modelling using Java 3D/VRML. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 34, 397–403.
Rodrigues, J.I.J., Figueiredoy, M.J.G., & Costa, C.P. (2013). Web3DGIS for city models with CityGML and X3D. Proc. of the 17th International Conference on Information Visualisation, July 16-18, London, United Kingdom.
Ruzinoor, C. M., Shariff, A. R. M., Pradhan, B., Ahmad, M. R., & Rahim, M. S. M. (2012). A review on 3D terrain visualization of GIS data: technique and software. Geo-spatial Information Science, 15, 105–115.
Scianna, A., & Ammoscato, A. (2010). 3D GIS data model using open source software. ISPRS Archive Vol. XXXVIII, Part 4-8-2-W9, Core Spatial Databases - Updating, Maintenance and Services – from Theory to Practice, Haifa, Israel, 120-125.
Shan, J. (1998). Visualizing 3-D geographical data with VRML. Proc. of Computer Graphics International. June 22–24, Hannover, Germany.
Volker, C. (2003). 3D-GIS in networking environments. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 27, 345–357.
Wate, P., Saran, S., Srivastav, S.K., & Krishna Murthy, Y.V.N. (2013). Formulation of hierarchical framework for 3D-GIS data acquisition techniques in context of level-of-detail (LOD). Proc. of Second International Conference on Image Information Processing, IEEE, December 9-11, Shimla, India.
Acknowledgements
The first author would like to extend his sincere thanks to Institute Computer Center, IIT Roorkee for their help in offering the resources in running the program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, H., Garg, R.D. Web 3D GIS Application for Flood Simulation and Querying Through Open Source Technology. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 44, 485–494 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-015-0498-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-015-0498-5