Abstract
The mechanical and corrosion behaviors of low carbon DP steel were studied based on different processing routes: (1) intercritical annealing (IA), (2) step quenching (SQ) via austenitization and quick transferring of the sample to the second furnace, and (3) Slow SQ via furnace cooling to the desired temperature. The properties were found to be highly dependent on the volume fraction of martensite (VM) and the density of ferrite/martensite interfaces. However, at the same martensite content, the mechanical properties of Slow SQ sheet were inferior than those of SQ and IA sheets, which were related to the relatively poor work-hardening behavior due to the severe partitioning of Mn between ferrite and martensite phases. The latter was also responsible for an increase in the corrosion current density (icorr) via galvanic corrosion. These results were analyzed based on the polarization curves and Nyquist plots obtained from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test. This study revealed that the SQ route can result in both better mechanical performance and higher corrosion resistance.
Graphic Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Gao, X. Chen, Z. Pan, J. Li, Y. Ma, Y. Cao, M. Liu, Q. Lai, L. Xiao, H. Zhou, A high-strength heterogeneous structural dual-phase steel. J. Mater. Sci. 54, 12898–12910 (2019)
T. Dutta, S. Dey, S. Datta, D. Das, Designing dual-phase steels with improved performance using ANN and GA in tandem. Comput. Mater. Sci. 157, 6–16 (2019)
J.I. Yoon, J. Jung, H.H. Lee, J.Y. Kim, H.S. Kim, Relationships between stretch-flangeability and microstructure-mechanical properties in ultra-high-strength dual-phase steels. Met. Mater. Int. 25, 1161–1169 (2019)
O. Majidi, F. Barlat, Y.P. Korkolis, J. Fu, M.G. Lee, Thermal effects on the enhanced ductility in non-monotonic uniaxial tension of DP780 steel sheet. Met. Mater. Int. 22(6), 968–973 (2016)
S. Sodjit, V. Uthaisangsuk, Microstructure based prediction of strain hardening behavior of dual phase steels. Mater. Des. 41, 370–379 (2012)
P.P. Sarkar, P. Kumar, M.K. Manna, P.C. Chakraborti, Microstructural influence on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of dual-phase steels in 3.5% NaCl solution. Mater. Lett. 59, 2488–2491 (2005)
J. Zhang, H. Di, Y. Deng, R.D.K. Misra, Effect of martensite morphology and volume fraction on strain hardening and fracture behavior of martensite–ferrite dual phase steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 627, 230–240 (2015)
D. Trejo, P. Monteiro, G. Thomas, X. Wang, Mechanical properties and corrosion susceptibility of dual-phase steel in concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 24, 1245–1254 (1994)
L. Rao Bhagavathi, G.P. Chaudhari, S.K. Nath, Mechanical and corrosion behavior of plain low carbon dual-phase steels. Mater. Des. 32, 433–440 (2011)
M. Ismail, B. Muhammad, E. Hamzah, T.W. Keong, Corrosion behaviour of dual-phase and galvanized steels in concrete. Anticorros. Methods Mater. 59, 132–138 (2012)
C. Zhang, D. Cai, B. Liao, T. Zhao, Y. Fan, A study on the dual-phase treatment of weathering steel 09CuPCrNi. Mater. Lett. 58, 1524–1529 (2004)
W.R. Osório, L.C. Peixoto, L.R. Garcia, A. Garcia, Electrochemical corrosion response of a low carbon heat treated steel in a NaCl solution. Mater. Corros. 60, 804–812 (2009)
Y. Kayali, B. Anaturk, Investigation of electrochemical corrosion behavior in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution of boronized dual-phase steel. Mater. Des. 46, 776–783 (2013)
O. Keleştemur, M. Aksoy, S. Yildiz, Corrosion behavior of tempered dual-phase steel embedded in concrete. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 16, 43–50 (2009)
T. Allam, M. Abbas, Mechanical properties, formability, and corrosion behavior of dual phase weathering steels developed by an inter-critical annealing treatment. Steel Res. Int. 86, 231–240 (2015)
A. Bag, K.K. Ray, E.S. Dwarakadasa, Influence of martensite content and morphology on tensile and impact properties of high-martensite dual-phase steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 30, 1193–1202 (1999)
D. Das, P.P. Chattopadhyay, Influence of martensite morphology on the work-hardening behavior of high strength ferrite–martensite dual-phase steel. J. Mater. Sci. 44, 2957–2965 (2009)
R. Nadlene, H. Esah, S. Norliana, M.A. Mohd Irwan, Study on the effect of volume fraction of dual phase steel to corrosion behaviour and hardness. Int. J. Mech. Mechatron. Eng. 5, 393–396 (2011)
O. Abedini, M. Behroozi, P. Marashi, E. Ranjbarnodeh, M. Pouranvari, Intercritical heat treatment temperature dependence of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of dual phase steel. Mater. Res. 22, e20170969 (2019)
S. Kumar, A. Kumar, R. Madhusudhan, R. Sah, S. Manjini, Mechanical and electrochemical behavior of dual-phase steels having varying ferrite–martensite volume fractions. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 28, 3600–3613 (2019)
M. Balbi, I. Alvarez-Armas, A. Armas, Effect of holding time at an intercritical temperature on the microstructure and tensile properties of a ferrite-martensite dual phase steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 733, 1–8 (2018)
H. Ashrafi, M. Shamanian, R. Emadi, N. Saeidi, Examination of phase transformation kinetics during step quenching of dual phase steels. Mater. Chem. Phys. 187, 203–217 (2017)
M. Türkmen, S. Gündüz, Bake-hardening response of high martensite dual-phase steel with different morphologies and volume fractions. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 27, 279–289 (2014)
H. Ashrafi, S. Sadeghzade, R. Emadi, M. Shamanian, Influence of heat treatment schedule on the tensile properties and wear behavior of dual phase steels. Steel Res. Int. 88, 1600213 (2017)
S. Saadatkia, H. Mirzadeh, J.M. Cabrera, Hot deformation behavior, dynamic recrystallization, and physically-based constitutive modeling of plain carbon steels. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 636, 196–202 (2015)
B. Pourbahari, H. Mirzadeh, M. Emamy, R. Roumina, Enhanced ductility of a fine-grained Mg–Gd–Al–Zn magnesium alloy by hot extrusion. Adv. Eng. Mater. 20, 1701171 (2018)
H. Mirzadeh, J.M. Cabrera, J.M. Prado, A. Najafizadeh, Hot deformation behavior of a medium carbon microalloyed steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528, 3876–3882 (2011)
G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, 3rd edn. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988)
H. Torkamani, S. Raygan, C.G. Mateo, J. Rassizadehghani, Y. Palizdar, D. San-Martin, Contributions of rare earth element (La, Ce) addition to the impact toughness of low carbon cast niobium microalloyed steels. Met. Mater. Int. 24, 773–788 (2018)
M.S. Chen, W.Q. Yuan, Y.C. Lin, H.B. Li, Z.H. Zou, Modeling and simulation of dynamic recrystallization behavior for 42CrMo steel by an extended cellular automaton method. Vacuum 146, 142–151 (2017)
M. Nouroozi, H. Mirzadeh, M. Zamani, Effect of microstructural refinement and intercritical annealing time on mechanical properties of high-formability dual phase steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 736, 22–26 (2018)
Y.I. Son, Y.K. Lee, K.T. Park, C.S. Lee, D.H. Shin, Ultrafine grained ferrite–martensite dual phase steels fabricated via equal channel angular pressing: microstructure and tensile properties. Acta Mater. 53, 3125–3134 (2005)
H. Seyedrezai, A.K. Pilkey, J.D. Boyd, Effects of martensite particle size and spatial distribution on work hardening behaviour of fine-grained dual-phase steel. Can. Metall. Q. 57, 28–37 (2018)
N.K. Balliger, T. Gladman, Work hardening of dual-phase steels. Met. Sci. 15, 95–108 (1981)
H. Mirzadeh, M. Alibeyki, M. Najafi, Unraveling the initial microstructure effects on mechanical properties and work-hardening capacity of dual phase steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 48, 4565–4573 (2017)
L. Zou, Q. Zhou, Quantitative analysis of carbon in carbon steel using SEM/EDS followed by error correction approach. Microsc. Microanal. 19, 1048–1049 (2013)
S. Sun, M. Pugh, Manganese partitioning in dual-phase steel during annealing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 276, 167–174 (2000)
F. Jamei, H. Mirzadeh, M. Zamani, Synergistic effects of holding time at intercritical annealing temperature and initial microstructure on the mechanical properties of dual phase steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 750, 125–131 (2019)
M. Calcagnotto, D. Ponge, D. Raabe, On the effect of manganese on grain size stability and hardenability in ultrafine-grained ferrite/martensite dual-phase steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43, 37–46 (2012)
G. Krauss, Steels Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd edn. (ASM International, Materials Park, 2015)
H. Gwon, S. Shin, J. Jeon, T. Song, S. Kim, B.C. De Cooman, Hot deformation behavior of V micro-alloyed TWIP steel during hot compression. Met. Mater. Int. 25, 594–605 (2019)
S.W. Thompson, P.R. Howell, Factors influencing ferrite/pearlite banding and origin of large pearlite nodules in a hypoeutectoid plate steel. Mater. Sci. Technol. 8, 777–784 (1992)
S. Ghaemifar, H. Mirzadeh, Refinement of banded structure via thermal cycling and its effects on mechanical properties of dual phase steel. Steel Res. Int. 89, 1700531 (2018)
M.A. Mohtadi-Bonab, H. Ghesmati-Kucheki, important factors on the failure of pipeline steels with focus on hydrogen induced cracks and improvement of their resistance. Met. Mater. Int. 25, 1109–1134 (2019)
A.A. Gorni, Steel Forming and Heat Treating Handbook, 2012. www.gorni.eng.br. Accessed July 2019
J.H. An, J. Lee, Y.S. Kim, W.C. Kim, J.G. Kim, Effects of post weld heat treatment on mechanical and electrochemical properties of welded carbon steel pipe. Met. Mater. Int. 25, 304–312 (2019)
Y. Song, E.H. Han, D. Shan, C.D. Yim, B.S. You, The effect of Zn concentration on the corrosion behavior of Mg–xZn alloys. Corros. Sci. 65, 322–330 (2012)
D.B. Hmamou, R. Salghi, A. Zarrouk, H. Zarrok, B. Hammouti, S.S. Al-Deyab, M. Bouachrine, A. Chakir, M. Zougagh, Alizarin red: an efficient inhibitor of C38 steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7, 5716–5733 (2012)
Acknowledgements
Financial support by the University of Tehran is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Soleimani, M., Mirzadeh, H. & Dehghanian, C. Processing Route Effects on the Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Dual Phase Steel. Met. Mater. Int. 26, 882–890 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00459-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00459-0