Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Decoding lithium batteries through advanced in situ characterization techniques

  • Invited Review
  • Published:
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Given the energy demands of the electromobility market, the energy density and safety of lithium batteries (LBs) need to be improved, whereas its cost needs to be decreased. For the enhanced performance and decreased cost, more suitable electrode and electrolyte materials should be developed based on the improved understanding of the degradation mechanisms and structure-performance correlation in the LB system. Thus, various in situ characterization technologies have been developed during the past decades, providing abundant guidelines on the design of electrode and electrolyte materials. Here we first review the progress of in situ characterization of LBs and emphasize the feature of the multi-model coupling of different characterization techniques. Then, we systematically discuss how in situ characterization technologies reveal the electrochemical processes and fundamental mechanisms of different electrode systems based on representative electrode materials and electrolyte components. Finally, we discuss the current challenges, future opportunities, and possible directions to promote in situ characterization technologies for further improvement of the battery performance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. E. Pomerantseva, F. Bonaccorso, X.L. Feng, Y. Cui, and Y. Gogotsi, Energy storage: The future enabled by nanomaterials, Science, 366(2019), No. 6468, p. 969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Z.Y. Gu, J.Z. Guo, X.X. Zhao, et al., High-ionicity fluorophosphate lattice via aliovalent substitution as advanced cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries, InfoMat, 3(2021), No. 6, p. 694.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. X.X. Luo, W.H. Li, H.J. Liang, et al., Covalent organic framework with highly accessible carbonyls and π-cation effect for advanced potassium-ion batteries, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 61(2022), No. 10, art. No. e202117661.

  4. J. Yang, Y.H. Lin, B.S. Guo, et al., Enhanced electrochemical performance of Si/C electrode through surface modification using SrF2 particle, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 10, p. 1621.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. D.C. Lin, Y.Y. Liu, and Y. Cui, Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries, Nat. Nanotechnol., 12(2017), No. 3, p. 194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. E.H.M. Salhabi, J.L. Zhao, J.Y. Wang, M. Yang, B. Wang, and D. Wang, Hollow multi-shelled structural TiO2−x with multiple spatial confinement for long-life lithium-sulfur batteries, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 58(2019), No. 27, p. 9078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Q. Jiang, W.Q. Zhang, J.C. Zhao, P. H. Rao, and J.F. Mao, Superior sodium and lithium storage in strongly coupled amorphous Sb2S3 spheres and carbon nanotubes, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 7, p. 1194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Y.F. Meng, H.J. Liang, C.D. Zhao, et al., Concurrent recycling chemistry for cathode/anode in spent graphite/LiFePO4 batteries: Designing a unique cation/anion-co-workable dualion battery, J. Energy Chem., 64(2022), p. 166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. T. Fujita, H. Chen, K.T. Wang, et al., Reduction, reuse and recycle of spent Li-ion batteries for automobiles: A review, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 2, p. 179.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. L.Y. Sun, B.R. Liu, T. Wu, et al., Hydrometallurgical recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by reductive leaching with stannous chloride, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 6, p. 991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Lu, T. Wu, and K. Amine, State-of-the-art characterization techniques for advanced lithium-ion batteries, Nat. Energy, 2(2017), art. No. 17011.

  12. J. Cui, H.K. Zheng, and K. He, In situ TEM study on conversion-type electrodes for rechargeable ion batteries, Adv. Mater., 33(2021), No. 6, art. No. e2000699.

  13. F. Lin, Y.J. Liu, X.Q. Yu, et al., Synchrotron X-ray analytical techniques for studying materials electrochemistry in rechargeable batteries, Chem. Red., 117(2017), No. 21, p. 13123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. S.Y. Lang, Y. Shi, Y.G. Guo, D. Wang, R. Wen, and L.J. Wan, Insight into the interfacial process and mechanism in lithium-sulfur batteries: An in situ AFM study, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55(2016), No. 51, p. 15835.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. R. Baddour-Hadjean and J.P. Pereira-Ramos, Raman micro-spectrometry applied to the study of electrode materials for lithium batteries, Chem. Red., 110(2010), No. 3, p. 1278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. R. Tao, J.G. Zhu, Y.F. Zhang, W.L. Song, H.S. Chen, and D.N. Fang, Quantifying the 2D anisotropic displacement and strain fields in graphite-based electrode via in situ scanning electron microscopy and digital image correlation, Extreme Mech. Lett., 35(2020), art. No. 100635.

  17. S.M. Bak, Z. Shadike, R.Q. Lin, X.Q. Yu, and X.Q. Yang, In situ/operando synchrotron-based X-ray techniques for lithium-ion battery research, NPG Asia Mater., 10(2018), No. 7, p. 563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. V.R. Rikka, S.R. Sahu, A. Chatterjee, et al., In situ/ex situ investigations on the formation of the mosaic solid electrolyte interface layer on graphite anode for lithium-ion batteries, J. Phys. Chem. C, 122(2018), No. 50, p. 28717.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Y. Yamagishi, H. Morita, Y. Nomura, and E. Igaki, Visualizing lithium distribution and degradation of composite electrodes in sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries using operando time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 13(2021), No. 1, p. 580.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. A.I. Freytag, A.D. Pauric, S.A. Krachkovskiy, and G.R. Goward, In situ magic-angle spinning 7Li NMR analysis of a full electrochemical lithium-ion battery using a jelly roll cell design, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 141(2019), No. 35, p. 13758.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. E.Y. Zhao, Z.G. Zhang, X.Y. Li, L.H. He, X.Q. Yu, H. Li, and F.W. Wang, Neutron-based characterization techniques for lithium-ion battery research, Chin. Phys. B, 29(2020), No. 1, art. No. 018201.

  22. Z. Deng, X. Lin, Z.Y. Huang, J.T. Meng, Y. Zhong, G.T. Ma, Y. Zhou, Y. Shen, H. Ding, and Y.H. Huang, Recent progress on advanced imaging techniques for lithium-ion batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 11(2021), No. 2, art. No. 2000806.

  23. B.H. Song, G.M. Veith, J. Park, M. Yoon, P.S. Whitfield, M.J. Kirkham, J. Liu, and A. Huq, Metastable Li1+δMn2O4 (0≤δ≤1) spinel phases revealed by in operando neutron diffraction and first-principles calculations, Chem. Mater., 31(2019), No. 1, p. 124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Y.P. Han, D.J. Chen, S. Ali, C. Feng, F.P. Meng, M. Waqas, and W.D. He, Hierarchical self-supported carbon nanostructure enables superior stability of highly nitrogen-doped anodes, ChemElectroChem, 7(2020), No. 18, p. 3883.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. K. Hongyou, T. Hattori, Y. Nagai, T. Tanaka, H. Nii, and K. Shoda, Dynamic in situ Fourier transform infrared measurements of chemical bonds of electrolyte solvents during the initial charging process in a Li ion battery, J. Power Sources, 243(2013), p. 72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. F. Rittweger, C. Modrzynski, V. Roscher, D.L. Danilov, P.H.L. Notten, and K.R. Riemschneider, Investigation of charge carrier dynamics in positive lithium-ion battery electrodes via optical in situ observation, J. Power Sources, 482(2021), art. No. 228943.

  27. H. Wu, D. Zhuo, D. Kong, and Y. Cui, Improving battery safety by early detection of internal shorting with a bifunctional separator, Nat. Commun., 5(2014), art. No. 5193.

  28. Y.C. Hsieh, J.H. Thienenkamp, C.J. Huang et al., Revealing the impact of film-forming electrolyte additives on lithium metal batteries via solid-state NMR/MRI analysis, J. Phys. Chem. C, 125(2021), No. 1, p. 252.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Wandt, P. Jakes, J. Granwehr, R.A. Eichel, and H.A. Gasteiger, Quantitative and time-resolved detection of lithium plating on graphite anodes in lithium ion batteries, Mater. Today, 21(2018), No. 3, p. 231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. R. Sakuma, H. Hashimoto, T. Fujii, J. Takada, N. Hayashi, and M. Takano, In situ Mössbauer analysis of bacterial iron-oxide nano-particles for lithium-ion battery, Hyperfine Interact., 240(2019), No. 1, art. No. 80.

  31. N. Balke, S. Kalnaus, N.J. Dudney, C. Daniel, S. Jesse, and S.V. Kalinin, Local detection of activation energy for ionic transport in lithium cobalt oxide, Nano Lett., 12(2012), No. 7, p. 3399.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. A.L. Lipson, R.S. Ginder, and M.C. Hersam, Nanoscale in situ characterization of Li-ion battery electrochemistry via scanning ion conductance microscopy, Adv. Mater., 23(2011), No. 47, p. 5613.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. K. Luo, M.R. Roberts, R. Hao, et al., Charge-compensation in 3d-transition-metal-oxide intercalation cathodes through the generation of localized electron holes on oxygen, Nat. Chem., 8(2016), No. 7, p. 684.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J.J. Wang, Y.C.K. Chen-Wiegart, and J. Wang, In operando tracking phase transformation evolution of lithium iron phosphate with hard X-ray microscopy, Nat. Commun., 5(2014), art. No. 4570.

  35. S. Pérez-Villar, P. Lanz, H. Schneider, and P. Novák, Characterization of a model solid electrolyte interphase/carbon interface by combined in situ Raman/Fourier transform infrared microscopy, Electrochim. Acta, 106(2013), p. 506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. B. Tsuchiya, J. Ohnishi, Y. Sasaki, et al., In situ direct lithium distribution analysis around interfaces in an all-solid-state rechargeable lithium battery by combined ion-beam method, Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 6(2019), No. 14, art. No. 1900100.

  37. J.K. Zhu, H.H. Shen, X.B. Shi, et al., Revealing the chemical and structural evolution of V2O5 nanoribbons in lithium-ion batteries using in situ transmission electron microscopy, Anal. Chem., 91(2019), No. 17, p. 11055.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. R. Schmidt, H. Fitzek, M. Nachtnebel, C. Mayrhofer, H. Schroettner, and A. Zankel, The combination of electron microscopy, Raman microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for the investigation of polymeric materials, Macromol. Symp., 384(2019), No. 1, art. No. 1800237.

  39. L.Q. Zhang, T.T. Yang, C.C. Du, et al., Lithium whisker growth and stress generation in an in situ atomic force microscope-environmental transmission electron microscope set-up, Nat. Nanotechnol., 15(2020), No. 2, p. 94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. O.J. Borkiewicz, B. Shyam, K.M. Wiaderek, C. Kurtz, P.J. Chupas, and K.W. Chapman, The AMPIX electrochemical cell: A versatile apparatus for in situ X-ray scattering and spectroscopic measurements, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 45(2012), No. 6, p. 1261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. L. Vitoux, M. Reichardt, S. Sallard, P. Novák, D. Sheptyakov, and C. Villevieille, A cylindrical cell for operando neutron diffraction of Li-ion battery electrode materials, Front. Energy Res., 6(2018), art. No. 76.

  42. C. Ghanty, B. Markovsky, E.M. Erickson, et al., Li+-ion extraction/insertion of Ni-rich Li1+x(NiyCozMnz)wO2(0.005<x<0.03; y:z = 8:1, w ≈ 1) electrodes: In situ XRD and Raman spectroscopy study, ChemElectroChem, 2(2015), No. 10, p. 1479.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. F. Poli, J.S. Kshetrimayum, L. Monconduit, and M. Letellier, New cell design for in situ NMR studies of lithium-ion batteries, Electrochem. Commun., 13(2011), No. 12, p. 1293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. M. Gu, L.R. Parent, B.L. Mehdi, et al., Demonstration of an electrochemical liquid cell for operando transmission electron microscopy observation of the lithiation/delithiation behavior of Si nanowire battery anodes, Nano Lett., 13(2013), No. 12, p. 6106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. X. Zhou, T. Li, Y. Cui, Y. Fu, Y. Liu, and L. Zhu, In situ focused ion beam scanning electron microscope study of microstructural evolution of single tin particle anode for Li-ion batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11(2019), No. 2, p. 1733.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. J. Steiger, D. Kramer, and R. Mönig, Microscopic observations of the formation, growth and shrinkage of lithium moss during electrodeposition and dissolution, Electrochim. Acta, 136(2014), p. 529.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. A.M. Tripathi, W.N. Su, and B.J. Hwang, In situ analytical techniques for battery interface analysis, Chem. Soc. Rev., 47(2018), No. 3, p. 736.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. M. Sathiya, G. Rousse, K. Ramesha, et al., Reversible anionic redox chemistry in high-capacity layered-oxide electrodes, Nat. Mater., 12(2013), No. 9, p. 827.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. P. Lanz, C. Villevieille, and P. Novák, Ex situ and in situ Raman microscopic investigation of the differences between stoichiometric LiMO2 and high-energy xLi2MnO3°(1−x))LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn), Electrochim. Acta, 130(2014), p. 206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. X. Cao, H.F. Li, Y. Qiao, M. Jia, P. He, J. Cabana, and H.S. Zhou, Achieving stable anionic redox chemistry in Li-excess O2-type layered oxide cathode via chemical ion-exchange strategy, Energy Storage Mater., 38(2021), p. 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. L.N. Zhou, M. Leskes, T. Liu, and C.P. Grey, Probing dynamic processes in lithium-ion batteries by in situ NMR spectroscopy: Application to Li1.08Mn1.92O4 electrodes, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54(2015), No. 49, p. 14782.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. W.M. Seong, K.H. Cho, J.W. Park, et al., Controlling residual lithium in high-nickel (>90 %) lithium layered oxides for cathodes in lithium-ion batteries, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 59(2020), No. 42, p. 18662.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. R. Jung, F. Linsenmann, R. Thomas, et al., Nickel, manganese, and cobalt dissolution from Ni-rich NMC and their effects on NMC622-graphite cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 166(2019), No. 2, art. No. A378.

  54. S. Li, Z.P. Yao, J.M. Zheng, et al., Direct observation of defect-aided structural evolution in a nickel-rich layered cathode, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 59(2020), No. 49, p. 22092.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. L.J. Jia, J. Wang, S.Y. Ren, et al., Unraveling shuttle effect and suppression strategy in lithium/sulfur cells by in situ/operando X-ray absorption spectroscopic characterization, Energy Environ. Mater., 4(2021), No. 2, p. 222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. X.C. Liu, Y. Yang, J.J. Wu, et al., Dynamic hosts for highperformance Li-S batteries studied by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and in situ X-ray diffraction, ACS Energy Lett., 3(2018), No. 6, p. 1325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. J. Conder, R. Bouchet, S. Trabesinger, C. Marino, L. Gubler, and C. Villevieille, Direct observation of lithium polysulfides in lithium-sulfur batteries using operando X-ray diffraction, Nat. Energy, 2(2017), No. 6, art. No. 17069.

  58. H.L. Wu, L.A. Huff, and A.A. Gewirth, In situ Raman spectroscopy of sulfur speciation in lithium-sulfur batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7(2015), No. 3, p. 1709.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Z.F. Wang, Y.F. Tang, L.Q. Zhang, M. Li, Z.W. Shan, and J.Y. Huang, In situ TEM observations of discharging/charging of solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries at high temperatures, Small, 16(2020), No. 28, art. No. 2001899.

  60. J.Y. Wang, H.J. Tang, H. Wang, R.B. Yu, and D. Wang, Multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures: Promising platforms for lithium-ion batteries, Mater. Chem. Front., 1(2017), No. 3, p. 414.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. D.Q. Liu, Z. Shadike, R.Q. Lin, et al., Review of recent development of in situ/operando characterization techniques for lithium battery research, Adv. Mater., 31(2019), No. 28, art. No. 1806620.

  62. D.W. Li, Y.K. Wang, B. Lu, and J.Q. Zhang, Real-time measurements of electro-mechanical coupled deformation and mechanical properties of commercial graphite electrodes, Carbon, 169(2020), p. 258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. R.D. Ding, Y.L. Huang, G.X. Li, Q. Liao, T. Wei, Y. Liu, Y.J. Huang, and H. He, Carbon anode materials for rechargeable alkali metal ion batteries and in situ characterization techniques, Front. Chem., 8(2020), art. No. 607504.

  64. S. Schweidler, L.D. Biasi, A. Schiele, P. Hartmann, T. Brezesinski, and J. Janek, Volume changes of graphite anodes revisited: A combined operando X-ray diffraction and in situ pressure analysis study, J. Phys. Chem. C, 122(2018), No. 16, p. 8829.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Y.H. Li, R.T. Zheng, H.X. Yu, et al., Observation of ZrNb14O37 nanowires as a lithium container via in situ and ex situ techniques for high-performance lithium-ion batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11(2019), No. 25, p. 22429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. W.K. Pang, V.K. Peterson, N. Sharma, J.J. Shiu, and S.H. Wu, Lithium migration in Li4Ti5O12 studied using in situ neutron powder diffraction, Chem. Mater., 26(2014), No. 7, p. 2318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. K. He, S. Zhang, J. Li, et al., Visualizing non-equilibrium lithiation of spinel oxide via in situ transmission electron microscopy, Nat. Commun., 7(2016), art. No. 11441.

  68. K. He, Y.F. Yuan, W.T. Yao, et al., Atomistic insights of irreversible Li+ intercalation in MnO2 electrode, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 61(2022), No. 2, art. No. e202113420.

  69. B. Song, P. Loya, L.L. Shen, et al., Quantitative in situ fracture testing of tin oxide nanowires for lithium ion battery applications, Nano Energy, 53(2018), p. 277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. K. Kitada, O. Pecher, P.C.M.M. Magusin, M.F. Groh, R.S. Weatherup, and C.P. Grey, Unraveling the reaction mechanisms of SiO anodes for Li-ion batteries by combining in situ 7Li and ex situ 7Li/29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 141(2019), No. 17, p. 7014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Z.Y. Feng, W.J. Peng, Z.X. Wang, H.J. Guo, X.H. Li, G.C. Yan, and J.X. Wang, Review of silicon-based alloys for lithium-ion battery anodes, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 10, p. 1549.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. J.L. Zhao, J.Y. Wang, R.Y. Bi, et al., General synthesis of multiple-cores@multiple-shells hollow composites and their application to lithium-ion batteries, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 60(2021), No. 49, p. 25719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. D.X. Liu, J.H. Wang, K. Pan, et al., In situ quantification and visualization of lithium transport with neutrons, Angew. Chem, 126(2014), No. 36, p. 9652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. T.Y. Li, X.W. Zhou, Y. Cui, et al., In-situ characterization of dynamic morphological and phase changes of selenium-doped germanium using a single particle cell and synchrotron transmission X-ray microscopy, ChemSusChem, 14(2021), No. 5, p. 1370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. J.H. Um and S.H. Yu, Unraveling the mechanisms of lithium metal plating/stripping via in situ/operando analytical techniques, Adv. Energy Mater., 11(2021), No. 27, art. No. 2003004.

  76. Q. Li, T.C. Yi, X.L. Wang, et al., In-situ visualization of lithium plating in all-solid-state lithium-metal battery, Nano Energy, 63(2019), art. No. 103895.

  77. S.H. Yu, X. Huang, J.D. Brock, and H.D. Abruña, Regulating key variables and visualizing lithium dendrite growth: An operando X-ray study, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 141(2019), No. 21, p. 8441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Y.Z. Li, Y.B. Li, A. Pei, et al., Atomic structure of sensitive battery materials and interfaces revealed by cryo-electron microscopy, Science, 358(2017), No. 6362, p. 506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. A.B. Gunnarsdóttir, C.V. Amanchukwu, S. Menkin, and C.P. Grey, Noninvasive in situ NMR study of “dead lithium” formation and lithium corrosion in full-cell lithium metal batteries, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 142(2020), No. 49, p. 20814.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. X.J. Zeng, D.Q. Liu, S.W. Wang, S. Liu, X.K. Cai, L.H. Zhang, R. Zhao, B.H. Li, and F.Y. Kang, In situ observation of interface evolution on a graphite anode by scanning electrochemical microscopy, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 12(2020), No. 33, p. 37047.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. L.Y. Wang, L.F. Wang, R. Wang, R. Xu, C. Zhan, W. Yang, and G.C. Liu, Solid electrolyte-electrode interface based on buffer therapy in solid-state lithium batteries, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 10, p. 1584.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. T.C. Liu, L.P. Lin, X.X. Bi, et al., In situ quantification of interphasial chemistry in Li-ion battery, Nat. Nanotechnol., 14(2019), No. 1, p. 50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. C. Hou, J.H. Han, P. Liu, et al., Operando observations of SEI film evolution by mass-sensitive scanning transmission electron microscopy, Adv. Energy Mater., 9(2019), No. 45, art. No. 1902675.

  84. Y.X. Song, Y. Shi, J. Wan, B. Liu, L.J. Wan, and R. Wen, Dynamic visualization of cathode/electrolyte evolution in quasi-solid-state lithium batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 10(2020), No. 25, art. No. 2000465.

  85. D.C. Chen, M.A. Mahmoud, J.H. Wang, et al., Operando investigation into dynamic evolution of cathode-electrolyte interfaces in a Li-ion battery, Nano Lett., 19(2019), No. 3, p. 2037.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. L.M. Suo, Z. Fang, Y.S. Hu, and L.Q. Chen, FT-Raman spectroscopy study of solvent-in-salt electrolytes, Chin. Phys. B, 25(2016), No. 1, art. No. 016101.

  87. C.Y. Li, Y. Yu, C. Wang, et al., Surface changes of LiNixM nyCo1−x−yO2 in Li-ion batteries using in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. C, 124(2020), No. 7, p. 4024.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Y.R. Zhang, Y. Katayama, R. Tatara, et al., Revealing electrolyte oxidation via carbonate dehydrogenation on Ni-based oxides in Li-ion batteries by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Energy Environ. Sci., 13(2020), No. 1, p. 183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. F. Wohde, R. Bhandary, J.M. Moldrickx, J. Sundermeyer, M. Schönhoff, and B. Roling, Li+ ion transport in ionic liquid-based electrolytes and the influence of sulfonate-based zwitterion additives, Solid State Ion., 284(2016), p. 37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. J.D. Forster, S.J. Harris, and J.J. Urban, Mapping Li+ concentration and transport via in situ confocal Raman microscopy, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 5(2014), No. 11, p. 2007.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. C.J. Jafta, X.G. Sun, G.M. Veith, et al., Probing microstructure and electrolyte concentration dependent cell chemistry via operando small angle neutron scattering, Energy Environ. Sci., 12(2019), No. 6, p. 1866.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. C.S. Jiang, Y. Yin, H. Guthrey, K. Park, S.H. Lee, and M.M. Al-Jassim, Local electrical degradations of solid-state electrolyte by nm-scale operando imaging of ionic and electronic transports, J. Power Sources, 481(2021), art. No. 229138.

  93. H.J. Liang, B.H. Hou, W.H. Li, et al., Staging Na/K-ion de-/intercalation of graphite retrieved from spent Li-ion batteries: In operando X-ray diffraction studies and an advanced anode material for Na/K-ion batteries, Energy Environ. Sci., 12(2019), No. 12, p. 3575.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. A. Schiele, T. Hatsukade, B.B. Berkes, P. Hartmann, T. Brezesinski, and J. Janek, High-throughput in situ pressure analysis of lithium-ion batteries, Anal. Chem., 89(2017), No. 15, p. 8122.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. B. Michalak, B.B. Berkes, H. Sommer, T. Bergfeldt, T. Brezesinski, and J. Janek, Gas evolution in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/graphite cells studied in operando by a combination of differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, neutron imaging, and pressure measurements, Anal. Chem., 88(2016), No. 5, p. 2877.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. B. Gerelt-Od, J. Kim, E. Shin, et al., In situ Raman investigation of resting thermal effects on gas emission in charged commercial 18650 lithium ion batteries, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 96(2021), p. 339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. X. Teng, C. Zhan, Y. Bai, et al., In situ analysis of gas generation in lithium-ion batteries with different carbonate-based electrolytes, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7(2015), No. 41, p. 22751.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. J. Vetter, M. Holzapfel, A. Wuersig, W. Scheifele, J. Ufheil, and P. Novák, In situ study on CO2 evolution at lithium-ion battery cathodes, J. Power Sources, 159(2006), No. 1, p. 277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Z.Q. Zeng, X.W. Liu, X.Y. Jiang, et al., Enabling an intrinsically safe and high-energy-density 4.5 V-class Li-ion battery with nonflammable electrolyte, InfoMat, 2(2020), No. 5, p. 984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Z.Y. Yu, Y. Shao, L.P. Ma, et al., Revealing the sulfur redox paths in a Li-S battery by an in situ hyphenated technique of electrochemistry and mass spectrometry, Adv. Mater., 34(2022), No. 7, art. No. 2106618.

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21820102002, 21931012, 22111530178, 51932001, 51872024, and 51972305), the Cooperation Fund of the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) (No. DNL202020), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFA0703503), and the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. YZ201623).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Mei Yang, Ruyi Bi, Jiangyan Wang & Dan Wang

  2. School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China

    Jiangyan Wang & Dan Wang

  3. Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China

    Ruyi Bi & Ranbo Yu

Authors
  1. Mei Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ruyi Bi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jiangyan Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ranbo Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dan Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jiangyan Wang, Ranbo Yu or Dan Wang.

Additional information

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts to declare.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yang, M., Bi, R., Wang, J. et al. Decoding lithium batteries through advanced in situ characterization techniques. Int J Miner Metall Mater 29, 965–989 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2461-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2461-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation