Abstract
Oil extracted from spent coffee ground (SCG) has been well known as a potential feedstock for high quality biodiesel production. This work was to investigate extraction, physical and chemical characterizations of Robusta coffee oil (CO) and its application for biodiesel production. Analysis of seven coffee ground (CG) samples showed that oil content in CGs depended on technique of the manufacturer. Morphological changes of CGs surface were recorded by FESEM technique which showed the particle size significantly increased with the oil loss. Infrared spectroscopies revealed absence of SCG oil in the de-oiled SCG, confirmed that soxhlet method in hexane was used efficiently for the oil extraction. Thermal properties of SCG oil, fresh coffee ground (FCG), SCG and de-oiled SCG samples were investigated by simultaneous TG–DTA measurement. The obtained data showed the oil content relating to thermal changes of SCG samples. Comparison between chemical components of Robusta coffee bean (RCB) and SCG reflected a fact that most of oil content in the SCG could be originated in manufacturing process of FCG. Quality biodiesel product has prepared from SCG oils via a two-step process. After pre-treatment process, transesterification of SCG oils was carried out with methanol (v/v, 30%) and NaOH (w/v, 1%) in yield 89.2%.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- SCG:
-
Spent coffee ground
- CO:
-
Coffee oil
- RCB:
-
Robusta coffee bean
- FCG:
-
Fresh coffee ground
- TG:
-
Thermogravimetric
- DTA:
-
Differential thermal analysis
- FA:
-
Fatty acid
- FFA:
-
Free fatty acid
- FAME:
-
Fatty acid methyl ester
References
Luque, R., Lovett, J.C., Datta, B., Clancy, J., Campelo, J.M., Romero, A.A.: Biodiesel as feasible petrol fuel replacement: a multidisciplinary overview. Energy Environ. Sci. 3, 1706–1721 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00085J
Goodwin, A.R.H.: The future of oil and gas fossil fuels. In: Letcher, T. M. (ed.) Future Energy Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for Our Planet, pp. 3–24. Elsevier, New York (2008)
International Coffee Organization (ICO): Total production by all exporting countries. http://www.ico.org. Accessed 10 September 2016
Marsh, A.: Diversification by Smallholder Farmers: Viet Nam Robusta Coffee. FAO, Rome (2007)
Dhaeze, D., Deckers, J., Raes, D., Phong, T.A., Loi, H.V.: Environmental and socio-economic impacts of institutional reforms on the agricultural sector of Vietnam: land suitability assessment for Robusta coffee in the Dak Gan region. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 105, 59–76 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.05.009
Graboski, M.S., McCornick, R.L.: Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 24, 125–164 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00034-8
Marchetti, J.M., Miguel, V.U., Errazu, A.F.: Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 11, 1300–1311 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.08.006
Balat, M.: Production of biodiesel from vegetable oils: a survey. Energy Source A 29, 895–913 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310500283359
Norjannah, B., Ong, H.C., Masjuki, H.H., Juan, J.C., Chong, W.T.: Enzymatic transesterification for biodiesel production: a comprehensive review. RSC Adv. 6, 60034–60055 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA08062F
Antolin, G., Tinaut, F.V., Briceno, Y., Castrano, V., Perez, C., Ramirez, A.I.: Optimisation of biodiesel production by sunflower oil transesterification. Bioresour. Technol. 83, 111–114 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00200-0
Al-Hamamre, Z., Foerster, S., Hartmann, F., Kroger, M., Kaltschmitt, M.: Oil extracted from spent coffee grounds as a renewable source for fatty acid methyl ester manufacturing. Fuel 96, 70–76 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.01.023
Phan, A.N., Phan, T.M.: Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel 87, 3490–3496 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.008
Bankovic-Ilic, I.B., Stojkovic, I.J., Stamenkovic, O.S., Veljkovic, V.B., Hung, Y.T.: Waste animal fats as feedstocks for biodiesel production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 32, 238–254 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.038
Rodriguez, R.P., Melo, E.A.: Conversion of by-products from the vegetable oil industry into biodiesel and its use in internal combustion engines: a review. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 31, 287–301 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20140312s00002763
Yanagimoto, K., Ochi, H., Lee, K.G., Shibamoto, T.J.: Antioxidative activities of fractions obtained from brewed coffee. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 592–596 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030317t
Oliveira, L.S., Franca, A.S., Camargos, R.R.S., Ferraz, V.P.: Coffee oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 3244–3250 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.074
Arpa, O., Yumrutas, R., Demirbas, A.: Production of diesel-like fuel from waste engine oil by pyrolitic distillation. Appl. Energy 87, 122–127 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.05.042
Chen, J., Jiang, J.C., Nie, X.A., Xu, J.M., Chang, X., Li, K.: Diesel-like fuel production from catalytic cracking and esterification of waste oil. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 5, 052004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4822035
Phimsen, S., Kiatkittipong, W., Yamada, H., Tagawa, T., Kiatkittipong, K., Laosiripojana, N., Assabumrungrat, S.: Oil extracted from spent coffee grounds for bio-hydrotreated diesel production. Energy Convers. Manag. 126, 1028–1036 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.085
Go, A.W., Sutanto, S., Ong, L.K., Tran-Nguyen, P.L., Ismadji, S., Ju, Y.H.: Developments in in-situ (trans) esterification for biodiesel production: a critical review. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 60, 284–305 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.070
Borges, M.E., Díaz, L.: Recent developments on heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production by oil esterification and transesterification reactions: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16, 2839–2849 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.071
Bajaj, A., Lohan, P., Jha, P.N., Mehrotra, R: Biodiesel production through lipase catalyzed transesterification: an overview. J. Mol. Catal. B 62, 9–14 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.09.018
Laosiripojana, N., Kiatkittipong, W., Sutthisripok, W., Assabumrungrat, S.: Synthesis of methyl esters from relevant palm products in near-critical methanol with modified-zirconia catalysts. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 8416–8423 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.076
Wrolstad, R.E., Acree, T.E., Decker, E.A., Penner, M.H., Reid, D.S., Schwartz, S.J., Shoemaker, C.F., Smith, D., Sporns, P.: Hand Book of Food Analytical Chemistry Water, Proteins, Enzymes, Lipids and Carbohydrates. Wiley, Hoboken (2000)
Jain, Z., Xuanjun, W., Qilong, H., Mingjun, H., Shuyan, L.: Physicochemical properties, combustion and emission performance of a novel Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil methylic ester biodiesel. Int. J. Green Energy 12, 1255–1262 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2014.892492
Poojary, S., Rao, C.V., Venkatesh, K.H.: Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) mabb—oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production—engine performance and emission studies. Int. J. Green Energy 14, 279–288 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2016.1254637
Kondamudi, N., Mohapatra, S.K., Misra, M.: Spent coffee grounds as a Versatile source of green energy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 11757–11760 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802487s
Banerjee, A., Singh, V., Solanki, K., Mukherjee, J., Gupta, M.N.: Combi-protein coated microcrystals of lipases for production of biodiesel from oil from spent coffee. Sustain. Chem. Process. 1, 1–9 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2043-7129-1-14
Haile, M., Asfaw, A., Asfaw, N.: Investigation of waste coffee ground as a potential raw material for biodiesel production. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 3, 854–860 (2013)
Atabani, A.E., Mercimek, S.M., Arvindnarayan, S., Shobana, S., Kumar, G., Cadir, M., Al-Muhatseb, A.H.: Valorization of spent coffee grounds recycling as a potential alternative fuel resource in Turkey: an experimental study. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2017.1367738
Mateus, M.L., Rouvet, M., Gumy, J.C., Liardon, R.: Interactions of water with roasted and ground coffee in the wetting process investigated by a combination of physical determinations. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 2979–2984 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf062841g
Anderson, B.A., Shimoni, E., Liardon, R., Labuza, T.P.: The diffusion kinetics of carbon dioxide from fresh roasted and ground coffee. J. Food. Eng. 59, 71–78 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00432-6
Raba, D.N., Poiana, M.A., Borozan, A.B., Stef, M., Radu, F., Popa, M.V.: Investigation on crude and high-temperature heated coffee oil by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy along with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. PLoS ONE 10, e0138080 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138080
Garrigues, J.M., Bouhsain, Z., Garrigues, S., Guardia, M.D.L.: Fourier transform infrared determination of caffeine in roasted coffee samples. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 366, 319–322 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160050063
Wang, J., Jun, S., Bittenbender, H.C., Gautz, L., Li, Q.X.: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for Kona coffee authentication. J. Food Sci. 74, C385–C391 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01173.x
Lyman, D.J., Benck, R., Dell, S., Merle, S., Murray-Wijelath, J.: FTIR-ATR analysis of brewed coffee: effect of roasting conditions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 3268–3272 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0209793
Todaka, M., Kowhakul, W., Masamoto, H., Shigematsu, M.: Thermal analysis and dust explosion characteristics of spent coffee grounds and jatropha. J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 44, 538–543 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2016.08.008
Silva, M.A., Nebra, S.A., Silva, M.J.M., Sanchez, C.G.: The use of biomass residues in the Brazilian soluble coffee industry. Biomass Bioenergy 14, 457–467 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10034-4
Somnuk, K., Eawlex, P., Prateepchaikul, G.: Optimization of coffee oil extraction from spent coffee grounds using four solvents and prototype-scale extraction using circulation process. Agric. Nat. Resour. 51, 181–189 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2017.01.003
Jenkins, R.W., Stageman, N.E., Fortune, C.M., Chuck, C.J.: Effect of the type of bean, processing and geographical location on the biodiesel produced from waste coffee grounds. Energy Fuels 28, 1166–1174 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ef4022976
Vila, M.A., Andueza, S., Pena, M.P.D., Cid, C.: Fatty acid evolution during the storage of ground, roasted coffees. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 82, 639–646 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1122-1
Speer, I.K., Speer, K.: The lipid fraction of the coffee bean. Braz. J. Plant. Physiol. 8, 201–216 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202006000100014
Knothe, G.: Some aspects of biodiesel oxidative stability. Fuel Process Technol. 88, 669–677 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.01.005
Burton, R., Fan, X., Austic, G.: Evaluation of two-step reaction and enzyme catalysis approaches for biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds. Int. J. Green Energy 7, 530–536 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2010.515444
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dang, CH., Nguyen, TD. Physicochemical Characterization of Robusta Spent Coffee Ground Oil for Biodiesel Manufacturing. Waste Biomass Valor 10, 2703–2712 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0287-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0287-9