Abstract
The basement of the Gonghe Basin complex (GBC) mainly consists of plutonic rocks, which, in general are suitable for geothermal applications. Knowledge of the rock properties of the deep basement formations is of fundamental importance for unconventional geothermal applications such as enhanced geothermal systems. An outcrop analogue study at the margin of the GBC was conducted to improve the understanding of the petrophysical rock properties and enhance the data availability for numeric simulation and resource assessment approaches. In total 148 samples were derived from 21 sampling locations at the margin of the GBC area and mountain ranges within. Lithologically, the sample set was divided in three sample types: (1) syenogranite, (2) granite and biotite granite, (3) granodiorite. Petrophysical properties such as grain density, bulk density, porosity, intrinsic matrix permeability, compressional and shear wave velocities as well as thermal properties like thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were analyzed on oven-dry specimens under laboratory conditions (ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure). Unconfined compressive strength was additionally measured on selected samples. The resulting dataset shows averaged bulk densities ranging between 2.59 and 2.73 g cm−3 and porosities from 0.2 to 1.7%. Matrix permeability is lower than 1 × 10–18 m2. Averaged thermal conductivity ranges from 2.34 to 3.19 W m−1 K−1, compressional wave velocity from 3.6 to 6.2 km s−1 and unconfined compressive strength from 128 to 241 MPa. Petrophysical data are correlated with mineral content and grain size to show the influence of petrography on petrophysical properties. Although the petrophysical rock properties were analyzed at laboratory conditions and therefore deviate from in situ properties at reservoir conditions, the presented dataset enhances the knowledge of petrophysical rock properties within the study area for further geothermal applications. A first prediction of in situ reservoir conditions was performed on laboratory data based on empirically determined pressure and temperature dependencies of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and compressional wave velocity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aigner T, Asprion U, Hornung J, Junghans WD, Kostrewa R (1996) Integrated outcrop analgodue studies for Triassic alluvial reservoirs: examples from southern Germany. J Pet Geol 19(4):393–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1996.tb00446.x
Aizawa Y, Ito K, Tatsumi Y (2002) Compressional wave velocity of granite and amphibolite up to melting temperatures at 1 GPa. Tectonophysics 351:255–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00251-2
Al-Ajmi AM, Zimmermann R (2005) Relation between the Mogi and the Coulomb failure criteria. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 42:431–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.11.004
Al-Shayea NA (2004) Effects of testing methods and conditions on the elastic properties of limestone rock. Eng Geol 74:139–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.03.007
Ameen MS, Smart BGD, Somerville JM, Hammilton S, Naji NA (2009) Predicting rock mechanical properties of carbonates from wireline logs (A case study: Arab-D reservoir, Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia). Mar Pet Geol 26:430–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.01.017
Aretz A, Bär K, Götz AE, Sass I (2016) Outcrop analogue study of Permocarboniferous geothermal sandstone reservoir formations (northern Upper Rhine Graben): impact of mineral content, depositional environment and diagenesis on petrophysical properties. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 105:1431–1452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1263-2
Arndt D (2012) Geologische Strukturmodellierung von Hessen zur Bestimmung von Geo-Potenzialen. Dissertation, Technische Universität Darmstadt
Assad A (1955) A Study of thermal conductivity of fluid bearing porous rocks. Dissertation, University of California.
ASTM International (2014) ASTM D7012–14e1 Standard test methods for compressive strength and elastic moduli of intact rock core specimens under varying states of stress and temperatures. ASTM International. https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D7012-14E01. Accessed Sept 2018
Atef H, Abd El-Gawad AMS, Abdel Zaher M, Farag KSI (2016) The contribution of gravity method in geothermal exploration of southern part of the Gulf of Suez-Sinai region Egypt. NRIAG J Astron Geophys 5:173–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrjag.2016.02.005
Bär K (2012) Untersuchung der tiefengeothermischen Potenziale von Hessen. Dissertation, Technische Universität Darmstadt.
Bär K, Sass I (2014) 3D-Model of the deep geothermal potentials of Hesse (Germany) for Enhanced Geothermal Systems. Proceedings Stanford Geothermal Workshop, Stanford, 24-26.02.2014
Bauer SJ, Handin J (1983) Thermal expansion and cracking of three confined water-saturated igneous rock to 800°C. Rock Mech Rock Eng 16:181–198
Beck AE (1988) Methods for determining thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. In: Haenel R, Rybach L, Stegena L (eds) Handbook of terrestrial heat-flow determination. Handbook of terrestrial heat-flow density determination. Kluwer academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp 87–124
Benson P, Schubnel A, Vinciguerra S, Trovato C, Meredith P, Young RP (2006) Modeling the permeability evolution of microcracked rocks from elastic wave velocity inversion at elevated isostatic pressure. J Geophys Res 111:B04202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003710
Birch F (1960a) The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars: part 1. J Geophys Res 65:1083–1102
Birch F (1960b) The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars: part 2. J Geophys Res 66:2199–2224
Brotons V, Tomás R, Ivorra S, Grediaga A (2014) Relationship between static and dynamic elastic modulus of calcarenite heated at different temperatures: the San Julián’s stone. Bull Eng Geol Environ 73:791–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0583-y
Brotons V, Tomás R, Ivorra S, Grediaga A, Martínez-Martínez J, Benavente D, Gómez-Heras M (2016) Improved correlation between the static and dynamic elastic modulus of different types of rocks. Mater Struct 49:3021–3037. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0702-7
Budiansky B, O'connell RJ (1976) Elastic moduli of a cracked solid. Int J Solids Struct 12:81–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(76)90044-5
Buntebarth G (1989) Geothermie—Eine Einführung in die allgemeine und angewandte Wärmelehre des Erdkörpers. Springer, Berlin
Carmichael RS (1989) Practical Handbook of physical properties of rocks and minerals. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Chaki S, Takarli M, Agbodjan WP (2008) Influence of thermal damage on physical properties of a granite rock: porosity, permeability and ultrasonic wave evolutions. Constr Build Mater 22:1456–1461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.04.002
Charléty J, Cuenot N, Dorbath C, Dorbath L (2006) Tomographic study of the seismic velocity at the Soultz-sous-Forêts EGS/HDR site. Geothermics 35:532–543
Chen X, Gehrels G, Yin A, Li L, Jiang R (2012) Paleozoic and Mesozoic basement magmatisms of Eastern Qaidam Basin, Northern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology and its geological significance. Acta Geol Sin (English Edition) 86:350–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2012.00665.x
Chen X, Gehrels G, Yin A, Zhou Q, Huang P (2015) Geochemical and Nd–Sr–Pb–O isotopic constrains on Permo-Triassic magmatism in eastern Qaidam Basin, northern Qinghai–Tibetan plateau: Implications for the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys. J Asian Earth Sci 114:674–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.11.013
Christaras B, Auger F, Mosse E (1994) Determination of the moduli of elasticity of rocks. Comparison of the ultrasonic velocity and mechanical resonance frequency methods with direct static methods. Mater Struct 27:222–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473036
Clauser C, Huenges E (1995) Thermal conductivity of rocks and minerals. In: Ahrens TJ (ed) Rock physics and phase relations. A handbook of physical constants, AGU reference shelf, vol 3. American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp 105–126
Craddock WH, Kirby E, Harkins N, Zhang H, Shi X, Liu J (2010) Rapid fluvial incision along the Yellow River during headward basin integration. Nat Geosci 3:209–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo777
Craddock WH, Kirby E, Zhang H (2011) Late Miocene-Pliocene range growth in the interior of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Lithosphere 3:420–438. https://doi.org/10.1130/l159.1
Craddock WH, Kriby E, Zhang H, Clark MK, Champagnac J-D, Yuan D (2014) Rates and style of Cenozoic deformation around the Gonghe Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Geosphere 10:1255–1282. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01024.1
Cui J, Tian L, Sun Y, Yang C (2018) Geochronology and geochemistry of early Palaeozoic intrusive rocks in the Lajishan area of the eastern south Qilian Belt Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the tectonic evolution of South Qilian. Geol J (online version). https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3327
Darot M, Gueguen Y, Baratin M-L (1992) Permeability of thermally cracked granite. Geophys Res Lett 19:869–872. https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL00579
David C, Menéndez B, Darot M (1999) Influence of stress-induced and thermal cracking on physical properties and microstructure of La Peyratte granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36:433–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(99)00010-8
Domra Kana J, Djongyang N, Raïdandi D, Njandjock Nouck P, Dadje A (2015) A review of geophysical methods for geothermal exploration. Renew Sust Energ Rev 44:87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.026
Eissa EA, Kazi A (1988) Relation between static and dynamic young’s moduli of rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 25:479–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(88)90987-4
Enge HD, Buckley SJ, Rotevatn A, Howell JA (2007) From outcrop to reservoir simulation model: workflow and procedures. Geosphere 3:469–490. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00099.1
England P, Houseman G (1986) Finite strain calculations of continental deformation: 2. Comparison with the India–Asia collision zone. J Geophys Res 91:3664–3676. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB03p03664
Esteban L, Pimienta L, Sarout J, Delle Piane C, Haffen S, Geraud Y, Timms NE (2015) Study cases of thermal conductivity prediction from P-wave velocity and porosity. Geothermics 53:255–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.06.003
Feng YF, Zhang XX, Zhang B, Liu JT, Wang YG, Jia DL, Hao LR, Kong ZY (2018) The geothermal formation mechanism in the Gonghe Basin: discussion and analysis from the geological background. Chin Geol 3:331–345. https://doi.org/10.31035/cg2018043
Filomena CM, Hornung J, Stollhofen H (2014) Assessing accuracy of gas-driven permeability measurements: a comparative study of diverse Hassler-cell and probe permeameter devices. Solid Earth 5:1–11. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1-2014
Fortin J, Stanchits S, Vinciguerra S, Guéguen Y (2011) Influence of thermal and mechanical cracks on permeability and elastic wave velocities in a basalt from Mt. Etna volcano subjected to elevated pressure. Tectonophysics 503:60–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.09.028
Gan W, Zhang P, Shen ZK, Niu Z, Wang M, Wan Y, Zhou D, Cheng J (2007) Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements. J Geophys Res 112:1978–2012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004120
Gegenhuber N, Schoen J (2012) New approaches for the relationship between compressional wave velocity and thermal conductivity. J Appl Geophys 75:50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.10.005
Gehrels GE, Yin A, Wang XF (2003) Magmatic history of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. J Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001876
Genter A, Guillou-Frottier L, Feybesse J-L, Nicol N, Dezayes C, Schwartz S (2003) Typology of potential hot fractured rock resources in Europe. Geothermics 32:701–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(03)00065-8
Guo X, Yan Z, Aitchison JC, Fu C, Wang Z (2017) Geochemistry, geochronology and Lu–Hf isotopes of peraluminous granitic porphyry from the Walegen Au Deposit, West Qinling Terrane. Acta Geol Sin (English Edition) 91:2024–2040. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.13448
Hartmann C, Rath V, Clauser C (2005) Thermal conductivity from core and well log data. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 42:1042–1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.05.015
Hasterok D, Gard M, Webb J (2018) On the radiogenic heat production of metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks. Geosci Front 9:1777–1794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.10.012
Hintze M, Plasse B, Bär K, Sass I (2018) Preliminary studies for an integrated assessment of the hydrothermal potentials of the Pechelbronn Group in the northern Upper Rhine Graben. Adv Geosci 45:251–258. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-251-2018
Homand-Etienne F, Houpert R (1989) Thermally induced microcracking in granites: characterization and analysis. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 26:125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(89)90001-6
Horai K-I (1971) Thermal conductivity of rock-forming minerals. J Geophys Res 75:1278–1308. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB076i005p01278
Horai K-I, Simmons G (1969) Thermal conductivity of rock-forming minerals. Earth Planet Sci Lett 6:359–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(69)90186-1
Horai K-I, Susaki J-I (1989) The effect of pressure on the thermal conductivity of silicate rocks up to 12 kbar. Phys Earth Planet Inter 55:292–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90077-0
Howell JA, Allard WM, Good TR (2014) The application of outcrop analogues in geological modeling: a review, present status and future outlook. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 387:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP387.12
Huang H, Niu Y, Nowell G, Zhao Z, Yu X, Zhu D-C, Mo X, Ding S (2014) Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of granitoids in the East Kunlun Orogenic belt, northern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for continental crust growth through syn-collisional felsic magmatism. Chem Geol 370:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.01.010
Huang H, Niu Y, Nowell G, Zhao Z, Yu X, Mo X (2015) The nature and history of the Qilian Block in the context of the development of the Greater Tibetan Plateau. Gondwana Res 28:209–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.02.010
Huang H, Nio Y, Mo X (2016) Syn-collisional granitoids in the Qilian Block on the Northern Tibetan Plateau: a long-lasting magmatism since continental collision through slab steepening. Lithos 246–247:99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.12.018
Ide JM (1936) Comparison of statically and dynamically determined young’s modulus of rocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 22:81–92. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.22.2.81
Jia L, Meng F, Feng H (2018) The Wenquan ultramafic rocks in the Central East Kunlun Fault zone, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau—crustal relics of the Paleo-Tethys ocean. Miner Petrol 112:317–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-017-0544-9
Jiang GZ, Gao P, Rao S, Zhang LY, Tang XY, Huang F, Zhao P, Pang ZH, He LJ, Hu SB, Wang JY (2016) Compilation of heat flow data in the continental area of China (4th edition). Chin J Geophys 59:2892–2910. https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg20160815 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Kastner O, Sippel J, Scheck-Wenderoth M, Huenges E (2013) The deep geothermal potential of the Berlin area. Environ Earth Sci 70:3567–3584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2670-y
Kastner O, Sippel J, Zimmermann G (2015) Regional-scale assessment of hydrothermal heat plant capacities fed from deep sedimentary aquifers in Berlin/Germany. Geothermics 53:353–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.06.002
King MS (1983) Static and dynamic elastic properties of rocks from the Canadian Shield. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 20:237–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(83)90004-9
Klinkenberg LJ (1941) The permeability of Porous media to liquids and gases. Drilling and Productions Practices. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, pp 200–213
Kolesnikov YI (2009) Dispersion effect of velocities on the evaluation of material elasticity. J Min Sci 45:347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10913-009-0043-4
Kruszewski M, Thorhallsson S, Assadi M, Sliwa T (2017) Slimhole well casing design for high-temperature geothermal exploration and reservoir assessment. AGH Drill Oil Gas 34:465–493. https://doi.org/10.7494/drill.2017.34.2.465
Kukkonen IT, Peltoniemi S (1998) Relationship between thermal and other petrophysical properties of rocks in Finland. Phys Chem Earth 23:341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-1946(98)00035-4
Li D (2010) Temporal-spatial structure of intraplate uplift in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Acta Geol Sin (English Edition) 84:105–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00174.x
Li R, Pei X, Li Z, Sun Y, Feng J, Pei L, Chen G, Liu C, Chen Y (2013) Geochemical features, age, and tectonic significance of the Kekekete mafic-ultramafic rocks, East Kunlun Orogen, China. Acta Geol Sin (English Edition) 87:1319–1333. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12131
Li X, Mo X, Huang X, Dong G, Yu X, Luo M, Liu Y (2015) U-Pb zircon geochronology, geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions of the Early Indosinian Tongren Pluton in West Qinling: petrogenesis and geodynamic implications. J Asian Earth Sci 97:38–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.10.017
Lichtenecker K (1924) Der elektrische Leitungswiderstand künstlicher und natürlicher Aggregate. Physikalische Zeitschrift 25:169–181
Lippmann E, Rauen A (2013) TCS – Manual.
Littlefield EF, Calvin WM (2014) Geothermal exploration using imaging spectrometer data over Fish Lake Valley, Nevada. Remote Sens Environ 140:509–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.007
Lockner DA, Walsh JB, Byerlee JD (1977) Changes in seismic velocity and attenuation during deformation of granite. J Geophys Res 82:5374–5378. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB082i033p05374
Lu H, Wang E, Shi X, Meng K (2012) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Elashan range and its surroundings, northern Tibetan Plateau, as constrained by paleomagnetism and apatite fission track analyses. Tectonophysics 580:150–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.09.013
Luo BJ, Zhang HF, Xu WC, Guo L, Pan FB, Yang H (2015) The Middle Triassic Meiwu Batholith, West Qinling, Central China: implications for the evolution of compositional diversity in a composite batholith. J Petrol 56:1139–1172. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egv032
Manning DAC, Younger PL, Smith FW, Jones JM, Dufton DJ, Diskin S (2007) A deep geothermal exploration well at Eastgate, Weardale, UK: a novel exploration concept for low-enthalpy resources. J Geol Soc 164:371–382. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492006-015
McSkimin HJ, Andreatch P, Thruston RN (1965) Elastic moduli of quartz versus hydrostatic pressure at 25° and − 195.8 °C. J Appl Phys 36:1624–1632. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1703099
Micromeritics (1998) GeoPyc 1360—Operator’s Manual.
Micromeritics (2013) AccuPyc II 1040—Opertator’s Manual.
Mielke P, Weinert S, Bignall G, Sass I (2016a) Thermo-physical rock properties of greywacke basement rock and intrusive lavas from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 324:179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.06.002
Mielke P, Bär K, Sass I (2016b) Determining the relationship of thermal conductivity and compressional wave velocity of common rock types as a basis for reservoir characterization. J Appl Geophys 140:135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2017.04.002
Milsch HH, Spangenberg E, Kulenkampff J, Meyhöfer S (2008) A new apparatus for long-term petrophysical investigations on geothermal reservoir rocks at simulated in-situ conditions. Transp Porous Med 74:73–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-007-9186-4
Molnar P, England P, Martinod J (1993) Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon. Rev Geophys 31:357–396. https://doi.org/10.1029/93RG02030
Najibi AR, Ghafoori M, Lashkaripour GR, Asef MR (2015) Empirical relations between strength and static and dynamic elastic properties of Asmari and Sarvak limestones, two main oil reservoirs in Iran. J Petrol Sci Eng 126:76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2014.12.010
Nara Y, Meredith PG, Yoneda T, Kaneko K (2011) Influence of macro-fractures and micro-fractures on permeability and elasticwave velocities in basalt at elevated pressure. Tectonophysics 503:52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.09.027
Navelot V, Géraud Y, Favier A, Diraison M, Corsini M, Lardeaux J-M, Verati C, de Lépinary JM, Legendre L, Beauchamps G (2018) Petrophysical properties of volcanic rocks and impacts of hydrothermal alteration in the Guadeloupe Archipelago (West Indies). J Volcanol Geotherm Res 360:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.07.004
Özkahraman HT, Selver R, Işik EC (2004) Determination of the thermal conductivity of rock from P-wave velocity. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:703–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.01.002
Pan G, Wang L, Li R, Yuan S, Ji W, Yin F, Zhang W, Wang B (2012) Tectonic evolution of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. J Asian Earth Sci 53:3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.12.018
Pei L, Rühaak W, Stegner J, Bär K, Homuth S, Mielke P, Sass I (2015) Thermo-Triax: An apparatus for testing petrophysical properties of rocks under simulated geothermal reservoir conditions. Geotech Test J 38:119–138. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20140056
Perrineau A, Van Der Woerd J, Gaudemer Y, Liu-Zeng J, Pik R, Tapponnier P, Thuizat R, Rongzhang Z (2011) Incision rate of the Yellow River in Northeastern Tibet constrained by 10Be and 26Al cosmogenic isotope dating of fluvial terraces: implications for catchment evolution and plateau building. Geol Soc Lond, Spec Publ 353:189–219. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP353.10
Pimienta L, Sarout J, Esteban L, Piane CD (2014) Prediction of rocks thermal conductivity from elastic wave velocities, mineralogy and microstructure. Geophys J Int 197:860–874. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu034
Pola A, Crosta G, Fusi N, Barberini V, Norini G (2012) Influence of alteration on physical properties of volcanic rocks. Tectonophysics 566–567:67–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.07.017
Popov YA, Pribnow DFC, Sass JH, Williams CF, Burkhardt H (1999) Characterization of rock thermal conductivity by high-resolution optical scanning. Geothermics 28:253–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00007-3
Popov Y, Tertychnyi V, Romushkevich R, Korobkov D, Pohl J (2003) Interrelations between thermal conductivity and other physical properties of rocks: experimental data. Pure Appl Geophys 160:1137–1161. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012565
Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (QBGMR) (2015) Geological map of Qinghai province 1:1,000,000.
Qin Q, Zhang N, Nan P, Chai L (2011) Geothermal area detection using Landsat ETM+ thermal infrared data and its mechanistic analysis—A case study in Tengchong, China. Int J Appl Earth Obs 13:552–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.02.005
Reyer D, Philipp SL (2014) Empirical relation of rock properties of outcrop and core samples from the Northwest German Basin for geothermal drilling. Geoth Energ Sci 2:21–27. https://doi.org/10.5194/gtes-2-21-2014
Rybach L (1988) Determination of heat production rate. In: Haenel R, Stegena L, Rybach L (eds) Handbook of terrestrial heat-flow density determination. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp 125–142
Ryzhova TV, Aleksandrov KS (1965) The elastic properties of potassium-sodium feldspars. Bull (Ivz) Acad Sci USSR Geophys Ser 98(102):53–56
Sass JH (1965) The thermal conductivity of fifteen feldspar specimens. J Geophys Res 70:4064–4065. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ070i016p04064
Sass I, Götz AE (2012) Geothermal reservoir characterization: a thermofacies concept. Terra Nova 24:142–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2011.01048.x
Sausse J, Fourar M, Genter A (2006) Permeability and alteration within the Soultz granite inferred from geophysical and flow log analysis. Geothermics 35:544–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2006.07.003
Schön J (ed) (2015) Physical properties of rocks: Fundamentals and principles of petrophysics. Developments in Petroleum Science, 65 Elsevier, Amsterdam Netherlands (1 online resource).
Shao F, Niu Y, Liu Y, Chen S, Kong J, Duan M (2017) Petrogenesis of Triassic granitoids in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, northern Tibetan Plateau and their tectonic implications. Lithos 282–283:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.03.002
Shen X, Zhang W, Yang S, Guan Y, Jin X (1990) Heat flow evidence for the differentiated crust-mantle thermal structures of the northern and southern terranes of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Bull Chin Acad Geol Sci 21:201–214 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Siratovich PA, Villeneuve MC, Cole JW, Kennedy BM, Bégué F (2015) Saturated heating and quenching of three crustal rocks and implications for thermal stimulation of permeability in gerothermal reservoirs. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 80:265–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.09.023
Sone H, Zoback MD (2013) Mechanical properties of shale-gas reservoir rocks—Part 1: static and dynamic elastic properties and anisotropy. Geophysics 78:D381–D392. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0050.1
Sun ZX, Li BX, Wang ZL (2011) Exploration of the possibility of hot dry rock occurring in the Qinghai Gonghe Basin. Hydrogeol Eng Geol 38:119–129
Tao W, Shen Z (2008) Heat flow distribution in Chinese continent and its adjacent areas. Prog Nat Sci 18:843–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.01.018
Tapponnier P, Zhiqin X, Roger F, Meyer B, Arnaud N, Wittlinger G, Jingsui Y (2001) Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau. Science 294:1671–1677. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.105978
Tian X, Liu Z, Si S, Zhang Z (2014) The crustal thickness of NE Tibet and its implication for crustal shortening. Tectonophysics 634:198–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.07.001
Tung K, Yang HJ, Yang HY, Liu CY, Zhang JX, Wan YS, Tseng CY (2007) SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of the zircons from the Precambrian basement of the Qilian Block and its geological significances. Chin Sci Bull 52:2687–2701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-007-0356-0
van Heerden WL (1987) General relations between static and dynamic moduli of rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 24:381–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(87)92262-5
Van Wees J-D, Kronimus A, Van Putten M, Pluymaekers MPD, Mijnlieff HF, Van Hooff P, Obdam A, Kramers L (2012) Geothermal aquifer performance assessment for direct heat production—methodology and application to Rotliegend aquifer. Neth J Geosci 91:651–665. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600000433
Vaughan MT, Guggenheim S (1986) Elasticity of muscovite and its relationship to crystal structure. J Geophys Res 91:4657–4664. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB05p04657
Vinciguerra S, Trovato C, Meredith PG, Benson PM (2005) Relating seismic velocities, thermal cracking and permeability in Mt. Etna and Iceland basalts. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 42:900–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.05.022
Vosteen H-D, Schellschmidt R (2003) Influence of temperature on thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity for different types of rock. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C 28:499–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00069-X
Walsh JB, Decker ER (1966) Effect of pressure and saturating fluid on the thermal conductivity of compact rock. J Geophys Res 71:3053–3061. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ071i012p03053
Wang M, Guo Q, Yan W, Liu M, Cao Y, Li J, Shi W, Shang X, Ma Y (2014) Medium-low-enthalpy geothermal-electricity generation at Gonghe, Qinghai Province. Earth Sci J China Univ Geosci 39:1317–1322. https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2014.113 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang B, Li B-X, Li F-C (2015) Discussion on heat source mechanism and geothermal system of Qinghai Gonghe-Guide Basin. J Groundw Sci Eng 3:86–97
Weydt LM, Heldmann C-DJ, Machel HG, Sass I (2018) From oil field to geothermal reservoir: assessment for geothermal utilization of two regionally extensive Devonian carbonate aquifers in Alberta, Canada. Solid Earth 9:953–983. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-953-2018
Wu CL, Gao YH, Li ZL, Lei M, Qin HP, Li MZ, Liu CH, Frost RB, Robinson PT, Wooden JL (2014) Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of granites from Dulan and the chronological framework of the North Qaidam UHP belt, NW China. Sci China Earth Sci 57:2945–2965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-014-4958-5
Wyering LD, Villeneuve MC, Wallis IC, Siratovich PA, Kennedy BM, Gravley DM, Cant JL (2014) Mechanical and physical properties of hydrothermally altered rocks, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 288:76–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.10.008
Xiao W, Windley BF, Yong Y, Yan Z, Yuan C, Liu C, Li J (2009) Early Paleozoic to Devonian multiple-accretionary model for the Qilian Shan, NW China. J Asian Earth Sci 35:323–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.10.001
Xue JQ, Gan B, Li BX, Wang ZL (2013) Geological-geophysical characteristics of enhanced geothermal systems (hot dry rocks) in Gonghe-Guide basin. Geophys Geochem Explor 37:35–41 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yan F, Han DH (2018) Application of the power mean to modeling the elastic properties of reservoir rocks. J Geophys Eng 15:2686–2694. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2140/aae3be
Yan W, Wang Y, Gao X, Zhang S, Ma Y, Shang X, Guo S (2013) Distribution and aggregation mechanism of geothermal energy in Gonghe basin. Northwest Geol 46:223–230 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yan Z, Guo X, Fu C, Aitchison J, Wang Z, Li J (2014) Detrital heavy mineral constraints on the Triassic tectonic evolution of the West Qinling Terrane, NW China: implications for understanding subduction of the Paleotethyan Ocean. J Geol 122:591–608. https://doi.org/10.1086/677264
Yang G, Yang S, Wei L, Li Z, Li R, Xu D, Liu MF (2015) Petrogenesis and geodynamic significance of the Late Triassic Tadong adakitic pluton in West Qinling, central China. Int Geol Rev 57:1755–1771. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2015.1024291
Yin A, Harrison TM (2000) Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 28:211–280. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211
Zeng Y, Tang L, Wu N, Cao Y (2018) Numerical simulation of electricity generation potential from fractured granite reservoir using the MINC method at the Yangbajing geothermal field. Geothermics 75:122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.04.003
Zhang P-Z, Shen Z, Wang M, Gan W, Bürgmann R, Molnar P, Wang Q, Niu Z, Sun J, Wu J (2004) Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data. Geology 32:809–812. https://doi.org/10.1130/G20554.1
Zhang HF, Chen YL, Xu WC, Liu R, Yuan HL, Liu XM (2006) Granitoids around Gonghe basin in Qinghai province petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Acta Petrol Sin 22:2910–2922 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang Z, Klemperer S, Bai Z, Chen Y, Teng J (2011) Crustal structure of the Paleaozoic Kunlun orogeny from an active-source seismic profile between Moba and Guide in east Tibet, China. Gondwana Res 19:994–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2010.09.008
Zhang Z, Li W, Wang Y, Qian B, Li K, Zhang J, Gao Y, Guo Z, You M (2015) Geological and geochemical characteristics of mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Hualong Area, Southern Qilian Mountains and its Ni-Cu mineralization. Acta Geol Sin 89:632–644 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang X, Guo Q, Liu M, Luo J, Yin Z, Zhang C, Zhu M, Guo W, Li J, Zhou C (2016) Hydrogeochemical processes occurring in the hydrothermal systems of the Gonghe-Guide basin, northwestern China: critical insights from a principal components analysis (PCA). Environ Earth Sci 75:1187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5991-9
Zhang C, Jiang G, Shi Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Li S, Jia X, Hu S (2018a) Terrestrial heat flow and crustal thermal structure of the Gonghe-Guide area, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan plateau. Geothermics 72:182–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.11.011
Zhang C, Zhang SS, Li ST, Jia XF, Jiang GZ, Gao P, Wang YB, Hu SB (2018b) Geothermal characteristics of the Qiabuqia geothermal area in the Gonghe basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Chin J Geophys 61:4545–4557 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhao XG, Wang J, Chen F, Li PF, Ma LK, Xie JL, Liu YM (2016) Experimental investigation on the thermal conductivity characteristics of Beishan granitic rocks for China’s HLW disposal. Tectonophysics 683:124–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.021
Zheng SH, Wu WY, Li Y, Wang GD (1985) Late Cenozoic mammalian faunas of Guide and Gonghe basins, Qinghai Province. Vertebr Palasiat 23:89–134 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhou W, Paulssen H (2017) P and S velocity structure in the Groningen Gas reservoir from noise interferometry. Geophys Res Lett 44(11):785–791. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075592
Zhu J, Hu K, Lu X, Huang X, Liu K, Wu X (2015) A review of geothermal energy resources, development, and applications in China: current status and prospects. Energy 93:466–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.098
Zimmermann RW, Somerton WH, King MS (1986) Compressibility of porous rocks. J Geophys Res 91(12):765–777. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB12p12765
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Hendrik Biewer and Alica De Witt, postgraduate students at Technische Universität Darmstadt for their support in sampling, sample preparation and measuring. Furthermore, the authors thank Qinghai Guo and his whole working group at the China University of Geosciences in Wuhan, especially Xiaobo Zhang, for their dedicated support during the field campaign. This study was partly financed by the DAAD (“Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst”) by means of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Furthermore, the authors thank for the financial support by the DFG in the framework of the Excellence Initiative, Darmstadt Graduate School of Excellence Energy Science and Engineering (GSC 1070). The authors further thank the reviewers for their thoughtful and helpful comments improving the presented study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is a part of the Topical Collection in Environmental Earth Sciences on “Sustainable Utilization of Geosystems” guest edited by Ulf Hünken, Peter Dietrich and Olaf Kolditz.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weinert, S., Bär, K. & Sass, I. Thermophysical rock properties of the crystalline Gonghe Basin Complex (Northeastern Qinghai–Tibet-Plateau, China) basement rocks. Environ Earth Sci 79, 77 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-8808-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-8808-9