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Who lives where? Molecular and morphometric analyses clarify which Unio species (Unionida, Mollusca) inhabit the southwestern Palearctic

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Abstract

Many doubts still exist about which freshwater mussel Unio species inhabit Northwest Africa. While some authors refer to the presence of Unio delphinus in the Atlantic North African basins of Morocco, a recent International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessment performed on Moroccan Unio species, recognised the existence of a distinct species, Unio foucauldianus, with a critically endangered conservation status. The present study delivered new genetic, morphological, and geographical distribution data on two Unio species (i.e. U. delphinus and U. foucauldianus) greatly increasing the almost non-existent data on these taxa. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis revealed two highly supported geographically concordant clades, which diverged by 3.2 ± 0.6 % (uncorrected p distance): the first distributed across Iberia and corresponding to U. delphinus, and the second distributed across Morocco, corresponding to U. foucauldianus. These results were corroborated by the analysis of ten newly developed microsatellite loci as well as shell morphometry. We suggest that the IUCN critically endangered conservation status of U. foucauldianus should be revised and probably down-listed since its actual distribution is much wider than previously described. Phylogenetic relationships with the other Unio species were resolved, showing that U. delphinus and U. foucauldianus fall inside the pictorum lineage. The estimated molecular rate reported herein (0.265 ± 0.06 % per million years) represents the first for the Unionida and could be used as a reference in future studies.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers for helpful remarks and suggestions that improved the quality of the manuscript. Financial support was provided by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) project PTDC/AAC-AMB/117688/2010 and by Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (reference 15256799). Official capture and sampling licenses were issued by the following agencies: (1) Junta de Castilla y León (Consejería de Fomento y Medio Ambiente EP/CYL/331/2012, de 17 de Abril de 2012); (2) Junta de Andalucia (Consejería de Medio Ambiente-SGYB/FOA/AFR/SFS, de 17 de Julio de 2012); and (3) Université Cadi Ayyad (Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia, Marrakech, Maroc).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal

    Elsa Froufe, Ronaldo Sousa & Manuel Lopes-Lima

  2. CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, R. Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal

    Duarte V. Gonçalves

  3. Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal

    Duarte V. Gonçalves

  4. Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain

    Duarte V. Gonçalves

  5. CIMO-ESA-IPB-Mountain Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301-854, Bragança, Portugal

    Amílcar Teixeira

  6. CBMA-Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

    Ronaldo Sousa

  7. CITAB-UTAD-Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Forestry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, 5001-811, Vila Real, Portugal

    Simone Varandas

  8. Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Marrakech, Faculté des Sciences, Université Cadi Ayyad, Semlalia, B.P. 2390, Marrakech, Morocco

    Mohamed Ghamizi

  9. School of Geography, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Malaysia

    Alexandra Zieritz

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  1. Elsa Froufe
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  2. Duarte V. Gonçalves
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  3. Amílcar Teixeira
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  4. Ronaldo Sousa
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  5. Simone Varandas
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  6. Mohamed Ghamizi
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  8. Manuel Lopes-Lima
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elsa Froufe.

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Froufe, E., Gonçalves, D.V., Teixeira, A. et al. Who lives where? Molecular and morphometric analyses clarify which Unio species (Unionida, Mollusca) inhabit the southwestern Palearctic. Org Divers Evol 16, 597–611 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0262-x

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