Abstract
Power swing leads to mis-operation of distance relays due to variations in system current (I) and voltage (V) magnitudes. PSB function is crucial to distinguish power swing and fault properly and prevent relay pickup during power swings to avoid unintended outage of the transmission lines. Moreover, the relay should initiate trip command in case of fault during power swing. This paper introduces a prediction based PSB function to block the relay operation during power swing and also to unblock it in case of occurrence of a fault during power swing. This method predicts current and voltage samples during power swing using auto-regression technique and subsequently calculates the predicted impedance observed by the distance relay (V/I). Blocking is invoked if predicted impedance is inside the distance relay protection zones. The differential components computed using actual and predicted values are used to detect fault in the transmission system. The proposed method is tested for two-area four-machine power system and compared with available methods.
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Appendix
Appendix
The parameters of the two-area four machine system used for simulation (Fig. 3) are given below (Kundur 1994).
1.1 Generators G1, G2, G3, G4
900 MVA, 20 kV, 50 Hz each
H = 6.5 (for G1, G2) H = 6.175 (for G3, G4)
Xd = 1.8, Xq = 1.7, Xl = 0.2, X′d = 0.3, X′q = 0.55, X″d = 0.25, X″q = 0.25, Ra = 0.0025, T′d0 = 0.158 s T′q0 = 0.4 s, T″do = 0.03 s, T″qo = 0.05 s, ASat = 0.015 BSat = 9.6, \(\varPsi\) T1 = 0.9, KD = 0
1.2 Transformer
900 MVA and 20/230 kV base,
R = 0pu, X = j0.15 pu
1.3 Transmission lines
100 MVA, 230 kV base
R = 0.0001 pu/km, XL = 0.001 pu/km, BC = 0.00175 pu/km
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Bus 7: PL = 967 MW, QL = 100 MVAr, Qc = 200 MVAr
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Bus 9: PL = 1767 MW, QL = 100 MVAr, Qc = 350 MVAr
The system is operating with area 1 exporting 400 MW to area 2, and the generating units are loaded as follows:
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G1: P = 700 MW, Q = 185 MVAr, Et = 1.03 ⌞20.2°
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G2: P = 700 MW, Q = 235 MVAr, Et = 1.01 ⌞10.5°
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G3: P = 719 MW, Q = 176 MVAr, Et = 1.03 ⌞−6.8°
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G4: P = 700 MW, Q = 202 MVAr, Et = 1.01 ⌞−17.0°
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Koteswara Rao, A.V., Ahmad, A. Power swing blocking (PSB) function for distance relay using prediction technique. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag 8, 301–307 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-016-0434-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-016-0434-2