Abstract
In this study, a hybrid algorithm that focused on the water cycle and moth flame (WCMF) algorithm to solve the optimal relay coordination problem in a Microgird has been proposed. In the hybrid WCMF algorithm, the spiral movement of the moth is incorporated in the basic water cycle algorithm (WCA) to increase its performance. Further, the Levy flight function has been added to explore the randomization of the current hybrid model. Due to the Levy flight, the hybrid WCMF algorithm tremendously improves its performance. The competency of the latest hybrid WCMF algorithm is examined in a microgrid to optimize the Time Dial Setting (TDS). An optimum TDS reduces the total operating time of relays installed in the microgrid. A minimum total operating time provides fast protection and enhances the reliability of the network. In this proposed work, the total operating time is obtained only 7.728 s. which is reduced by 66.69%, 59.75%, and 18.52% respectively over the PSO, WCA, and ERWCA techniques. Besides, the proposed techniques obtained this fine results with less control parameters, fewer iterations, and less computational time. Therefore, the hybrid WCMF algorithm is the best tool to enhance microgrid protection coordination compared to the existing techniques.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ACO:
-
Ant colony optimization
- CTR:
-
Current transformer ratio
- CTI:
-
Coordination time interval
- CSA:
-
Crow search algorithm
- DE:
-
Differential evolution
- ERWCA:
-
Evaporation rate water cycle algorithm
- RES:
-
Renewable energy sources,
- GA:
-
Genetic algorithm
- GSA:
-
Gravitational search algorithm
- HGA:
-
Hybrid GA
- HSA:
-
Harmony search algorithm
- IDMT:
-
Inverse definite minimum time
- LP:
-
Linear programming
- MPSO:
-
Modified PSO
- Nsr:
-
Number of stream and river
- PSO:
-
Particle swarm optimization
- RTA:
-
Root tree algorithm
- SM:
-
Simplex method
- SOS:
-
Symbiotic organism search
- SQP:
-
Sequential programming
- Tik :
-
Operating time of ith relay at fault k
- Tb :
-
Operating time of backup relay
- Tp :
-
Operating time of primary relay
- Wj:
-
Weighting factor
- WCMF:
-
Water cycle moth flame
- z:
-
Objective function
References
Aghdam TS, Karegar HK, Zeineldin HH (2018) Optimal coordination of double-inverse overcurrent relays for stable operation of DGs. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 15(1):183–192. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2018.2808264
Alam MN, Das B, Pant V (2020) Protection coordination scheme for directional overcurrent relays considering change in network topology and OLTC tap position. Electr Power Syst Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106395
Asadi MR, Kouhsari SM (2009) Optimal overcurrent relays coordination using particle-swarm-optimization algorithm. In: 2009 IEEE/PES power systems conference and exposition, pp 1–7 IEEE https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2009.4839976.
Bedekar PP, Bhide SR (2010) Optimum coordination of directional overcurrent relays using the hybrid GA-NLP approach. IEEE Trans Power Delivery 26(1):109–119. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2080289
Bedekar PP, Bhide SR, Kale VS (2010) Optimum coordination of overcurrent relay timing using simplex method. Electr Power Compon Syst 38(10):1175–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325001003652900
Birla D, Maheshwari RP, Gupta HO (2007) An approach to tackle the threat of sympathy trips in directional overcurrent relay coordination. IEEE Trans Power Delivery 22(2):851–858. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2007.893587
Chattopadhyay B, Sachdev MS, Sidhu TS (1996) An on-line relay coordination algorithm for adaptive protection using linear programming technique. IEEE Trans Power Delivery 11(1):165–173. https://doi.org/10.1109/61.484013
Dadfar S, Gandomkar M (2020) Optimal dual characteristics for enhancing coordination index in protecting forward and reverse fault currents. ISA Trans. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2020.12.022
El Naily N, Saad SM, El Misslati MM, Mohamed FA (2019) Optimal protection coordination for iec microgrid benchmark using water cycle algorithm. In: 10th international renewable energy congress (IREC)
El-Hana Bouchekara HR, Zellagui M, Abido MA (2016) Coordination of directional overcurret relays using the backtracking search algorithm. J Electr Syst 12(2):387–405
El-khattam W, Sidhu TS (2009) Resolving the impact of distributed renewable generation on directional overcurrent relay coordination: a case study. IET Renew Power Gener 3:415–425. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0015
Eskandar H, Sadollah A, Bahreininejad A, Hamdi M (2012) Water cycle algorithm a novel metaheuristic optimization method for solving constrained engineering optimization problems. Comput Struct 110:151–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2012.07.010
Gokhale SS, Kale VS (2014b) Application of the Firefly algorithm to optimal over-current relay coordination. In: 2014 international conference on optimization of electrical and electronic equipment (OPTIM), pp 150–154 https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2014.6850887
Gokhale SS, Kale VS (2016) An application of a tent map initiated Chaotic Firefly algorithm for optimal overcurrent relay coordination. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 78:336–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.11.087
Hatata AY, Kaddah SS, Abdraboh H, Frahat M (2020) Optimal directional overcurrent relay coordination using artificial immune algorithm. Bull Fac Eng Mansoura Univ. https://doi.org/10.21608/BFEMU.2020.102738
Hooshyar A, Iravani R (2017) Microgrid protection. Proc IEEE 105(7):1332–1353. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2017.2669342
Hussain M, Ha SR, Rahim A, Musirin I (2013a) Optimal overcurrent relay coordination: a review. Proc Eng 53(1):332–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.02.043
Hussain B, Sharkh SM, Hussain S, Abusara MA (2013b) An adaptive relaying scheme for fuse saving in distribution networks with distributed generation. IEEE Trans Power Delivery 28(2):669–677. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2224675
Kalage AA, Ghawghawe ND (2016) Optimum coordination of directional overcurrent relays using modified adaptive teaching learning based optimization algorithm. Intell Ind Syst 2(10):55–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40903-016-0038-9
Kar S (2017) A comprehensive protection scheme for micro-grid using fuzzy rule base approach. Energy Syst 8(3):449–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-016-0204-x
Khalilpourazari S, Khalilpourazary S (2019) An efficient hybrid algorithm based on Water Cycle and Moth-Flame Optimization algorithms for solving numerical and constrained engineering optimization problems. Soft Comput 23(5):1699–1722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-017-2894-y
Korashy A, Kamel S, Youssef AR, Jurado F (2019a) Most valuable player algorithm for solving direction overcurrent relays coordination problem. In: 2019 international conference on innovative trends in computer engineering (ITCE), pp 466–471 https://doi.org/10.1109/ITCE.2019.8646537
Korashy A, Kamel S, Alquthami T, Jurado F (2020) Optimal coordination of standard and non-standard direction overcurrent relays using an improved moth-flame optimization. IEEE Access 8:87378–87392. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2992566
Kudkelwar S, Sarkar D (2019) Online implementation of time augmentation of over current relay coordination using water cycle algorithm. SN Appl Sci 1(12):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1661-3
Kudkelwar S, Sarkar D (2020) An application of evaporation-rate-based water cycle algorithm for coordination of over-current relays in microgrid. Sādhanā 45(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-020-01476-1
Lim SH, Kim JS, Kim MH, Kim JC (2012) Improvement of protection coordination of protective devices through the application of an SFCL in a power distribution system with a dispersed generation. IEEE Trans Appl Super conduct 22(3):5601004–5601004. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2011.2181930
Mirjalili S (2015) Moth-flame optimization algorithm: a novel nature inspired heuristic paradigm. Knowl Based Syst 89:228–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2015.07.006
Najy WKA, Zeineldin HH, Woon WL (2013) Optimal protection coordination for microgrids with grid-connected and islanded capability. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 60(4):1668–1677. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2012.2192893
Noghabi AS, Mashhadi HR, Sadeh J (2010) Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays considering different network topologies using interval linear programming. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 25(3):1348–1354. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2041560
Ojaghi M, Sudi Z, Faiz J (2013) Implementation of full adaptive technique to optimal coordination of over current relays. IEEE Trans Power Del 28(1):235–243. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2221483
Papaspiliotopoulos VA, Korres GN, Maratos NG (2015) A novel quadratically constrained quadratic programming method for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 32(1):3–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2455015
Radosavljević J, Jevtić M (2016) Hybrid GSA-SQP algorithm for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays. IET Gener Transm Distrib 10(8):1928–1937. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1223
Rajput VN, Pandya KS, Hong J, Geem ZW (2020) A novel protection scheme for solar photovoltaic generator connected networks using hybrid harmony search algorithm-bollinger bands approach. Energies 13(10):2439–2463. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102439
Razavi F, Abyaneh HA, Al-Dabbagh M, Mohammadi R, Torkaman H (2008) A new comprehensive genetic algorithm method for optimal overcurrent relays coordination. Electr Power Syst Res 78(4):713–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2007.05.013
Saha D, Datta A, Das P (2016) Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in power systems using symbiotic organism search optimisation technique. IET Gener Transm Distrib 10(11):2681–2688. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0961
Saha D, Roy BS, Das PN (2019) Online adaptive protection scheme for electrical distribution network with high penetration of renewable energy sources. J Eng Res 7(2):242–258
Salau AO, Gebru YW, Bitew D (2020) Optimal network reconfiguration for power loss minimization and voltage profile enhancement in distribution systems. Heliyon 6(6):e04233–e04241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04233
Sarkar D, Kudkelwar S, Saha D (2019) Optimal coordination of overcurrent relay using crow search algorithm. Smart Sci 7(4):282–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2019.1694802
Sarwagya K, Nayak PK, Ranjan S (2020) Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in complex distribution networks using sine cosine algorithm. Electr Power Syst Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106435
Senarathna TS, Hemapala KT (2020) Optimized adaptive overcurrent protection using hybridized nature-inspired algorithm and clustering in microgrids. Energies 13(13):3324–3347. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133324
Senarathna TSS, Hemapala KTMU (2020) Optimized adaptive overcurrent protection using hybridized nature-inspired algorithm and clustering in microgrids. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133324
Shih MY, Salazar CAC, Enríquez AC (2015) Adaptive directional overcurrent relay coordination using ant colony optimization. IET Gener Transm Distrib 9(14):2040–2049. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0394
Wadood A, Farkoush SG, Khurshaid T, Kim C-H, Yu J, Geem ZW, Rhee S-B (2018) An optimized protection coordination scheme for the optimal coordination of overcurrent relays using a nature-inspired root tree algorithm. Appl Sci 8(9):1664–1686. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091664
Zeineldin HH, El-Saadany EF, Salama MMA (2006) Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays using a modified particle swarm optimization. Electr Power Syst Res 76(11):988–995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2005.12.001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sarkar, D., Kudkelwar, S. Optimal over current relay coordination in Microgrid using a novel hybrid Water Cycle-Moth Flame algorithm. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag 12, 553–564 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-021-01114-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-021-01114-x