Introduction
Background
Three dimensions
Digital connectors
Lessons for conservation
Updated and outdated
While working on infectious diseases with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Joel Selanikio, a medical doctor, found that the collation of public health data in developing countries was inherently problematic (Banks 2013). The process of dissemination, collation, and analysis of paper-based public health data collection forms could take years—with instances of data never actually being entered into a computer |
In 1998, Selanikio identified an opportunity to change the way that data collection occurred and piloted a nutrition survey with US Army nutritionists and Burmese refugees in a Thai refugee camp, using software on Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs—mobile devices that allow storage and management of information). Despite having some success in collecting data and publishing (Selanikio et al. 2002) on the use of the PDA software, there was little adoption of the system |
Selanikio identified difficulties with the complexity of establishing and using the digital forms. Together with Rose Donna from the American Red Cross, he developed a second simpler data collection system, where data could be collected on a PDA and then collated and analyzed on a computer |
In 2009, Selanikio replicated the system but now as a web application—inspired by the rapid global growth of programs such as Hotmail and Google. Soon after this, Selanikio was able to run the system on a mobile phone (rather than a PDA) to compliment the web application. In doing so, individuals were able to access the platform much more cheaply and simply, and across multiple operators. As Selanikio’s system began to grow, the PDA market collapsed—if Selanikio had not continued to pursue cheaper and more accessible technology, the system he had developed would have disappeared with the PDA market collapse |
Selanikio’s product development highlights the importance of maintaining an awareness of the technological climate, and ensuring that a project is not focused on a single platform that stands to be influenced by short-term changes or technological advances |
Reinventing the wheel
FrontlineSMS (http://www.frontlinesms.com/) was created in 2005 to enable effective communication channels for communities in the developing world. For most of the developed world, it was becoming commonplace to rely on the power of the Internet for several aspects of daily life. But across much of sub-Saharan Africa, with less than 10 % of the population online in 2005, information access was scarce. Ken Banks was early to recognize the potential of mobile phones, specifically text messaging, to disseminate information, organize aid, and reconnect communities in times of crisis. But individual phones could not easily broadcast to large groups. So Banks pioneered a method for turning a laptop or desktop computer into an offline hub for two-way text messaging, independent of a continuous Internet connection |
Initially Banks’ concept was intended for use in ecologically threatened regions of sub-Saharan Africa. But the free, open-source, and user-centered design of the software that leverages the simplicity and familiarity of texting has allowed citizens and grassroots organizers to adapt it for other purposes. FrontlineSMS has since become an engine for bottom-up social change, from promoting literacy in Niger, and assisting family farmers in Laos, to training rural medics in Ecuador. It has enabled group communication in situations of civil war, political upheaval, or natural disaster. Moreover, by working with existing tools and infrastructure FrontlineSMS has helped to increase information access across and between communities in a way that minimizes duplication of similar tools |
Taking a bottom-up approach
The Wildlife-Conservancy Management Monitoring System (Wildlife-CoMMS) is a basic system for monitoring trends in wildlife ecology, for example, regarding changes in species abundance or levels of poaching. It is used by community conservancies in northern Kenya; “Community conservancies are community owned organisations, which aim to improve biodiversity conservation and livelihoods of local people over a defined area of land traditionally owned, or used, by the constituent community” (Northern Rangelands Trust 2015; http://www.nrt-kenya-comms.org/) |
Wildlife-CoMMS was designed by communities and comprised a series of guides, which demonstrate how to collect and collate data on wildlife ecology, and a digital database that enables conservancies to manage and visualize their data through mapping. The Northern Rangelands Trust (NRT)—the umbrella organization for community conservancies—developed the guides through trial and implementation over a seven-year period. The design of the guides was initially piloted in one conservancy, and they are now used in 17 NRT conservancies by over 300 community rangers |
The success of the guides and the digital database has largely been due to the continued feedback from conservancy managers, wardens, and (other) local stakeholders. This has allowed the creation of a system that is appropriate in the context of community conservancies. The focus on involvement with local communities has resulted in a tool that “empowers those who live on the land to better understand and protect their natural resources” (Michelmore-Root 2014, pers. comm.) |
The Kenyan government has now endorsed this tool for use outside of designated protected areas in traditional pastoralist areas where humans, wildlife (including key endangered species), and livestock co-exist. The success of the system has led to its application in areas outside Africa, such as on Fraser Island, Australia |
Shifting the problem (of e-waste)
Phonebloks is an initiative that aims “to end or reduce the various ethical and environmental problems existing in the consumer electronic market today” (https://phonebloks.com/en). It began with an idea from design student Dave Hakkens to reduce planned obsolescence in electronic products. He constructed the concept of a modular phone where each component could be replaced, rather than the entire unit. The idea caught the attention of thousands of people online and quickly gained popularity |
However, Hakkens has not gone on to develop the product; instead, he has established a community of individuals—a movement—inspired toward change. This consumer pressure has stimulated a number of large companies to begin bringing the concept design into reality, such as Google’s Project Ara, which is piloting a marketable version of a modular phone |
Hakkens has not shifted the problem of electronic waste by introducing a new company or product, but has instead asked an industry to confront the problems it creates |
Further considerations on the (offline) impact of using digital tools
Conclusion
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Do not put all your eggs in one basket as technology will become outdated; consider existing and persisting (non) digital platforms, not just the latest development, in order to improve resilience.
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Do not let the development of digital technology reinvent the wheel in conservation projects. Consider a broad range of (existing) tools that may serve wider conservation goals.
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Take a bottom-up approach. For a digital tool to work, it has to have relevance for both the project and the communities it is to be deployed in. Once the tool works locally, consider scaling-up—but maintain an awareness of differences in local context.
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Do not shift the problem. Addressing a conservation issue in one area may lead to the creation of another one elsewhere, as is the case with e-waste.
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The impact offline is just as important as the impact online. Numbers of individuals subscribed, or number of units distributed, do not equate to numbers of engaged individuals or impact on the ground.