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Integration of drug, protein, and gene delivery systems with regenerative medicine

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Abstract

Regenerative medicine has the potential to drastically change the field of health care from reactive to preventative and restorative. Exciting advances in stem cell biology and cellular reprogramming have fueled the progress of this field. Biochemical cues in the form of small molecule drugs, growth factors, zinc finger protein transcription factors and nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, monoclonal antibodies, plasmid DNA, aptamers, or RNA interference agents can play an important role to influence stem cell differentiation and the outcome of tissue regeneration. Many of these biochemical factors are fragile and must act intracellularly at the molecular level. They require an effective delivery system, which can take the form of a scaffold (e.g., hydrogels and electrospun fibers), carrier (viral and nonviral), nano- and microparticle, or genetically modified cell. In this review, we will discuss the history and current technologies of drug, protein, and gene delivery in the context of regenerative medicine. Next, we will present case examples of how delivery technologies are being applied to promote angiogenesis in nonhealing wounds or prevent angiogenesis in age related macular degeneration. Finally, we will conclude with a brief discussion of the regulatory pathway from bench to bedside for the clinical translation of these novel therapeutics.

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Acknowledgements

ERL is grateful for her fellowship assistance from the National Science Foundation's Graduate Research Fellowships Program. Support by NIH (EB015000, UH2TR000505, K08 GM085562, and the NIH Common Fund for the Microphysiological Systems Initiative) is also acknowledged. The authors would like to thank Jennifer Bond, PhD for her assistance in editing and developing the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

Elizabeth Lorden, Howard Levinson, and Kam Leong all declare they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Elizabeth R. Lorden & Kam W. Leong

  2. Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Howard M. Levinson

  3. King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Kam W. Leong

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  1. Elizabeth R. Lorden
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  2. Howard M. Levinson
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  3. Kam W. Leong
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Correspondence to Kam W. Leong.

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Lorden, E.R., Levinson, H.M. & Leong, K.W. Integration of drug, protein, and gene delivery systems with regenerative medicine. Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res. 5, 168–186 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-013-0165-8

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