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GIS-based frequency ratio and index of entropy models for landslide susceptibility assessment in the Caspian forest, northern Iran

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Abstract

This study presents a landslide susceptibility assessment for the Caspian forest using frequency ratio and index of entropy models within geographical information system. First, the landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs and multiple field surveys. 72 cases (70 %) out of 103 detected landslides were randomly selected for modeling, and the remaining 31 (30 %) cases were used for the model validation. The landslide-conditioning factors, including slope degree, slope aspect, altitude, lithology, rainfall, distance to faults, distance to streams, plan curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index, sediment transport index, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), forest plant community, crown density, and timber volume, were extracted from the spatial database. Using these factors, landslide susceptibility and weights of each factor were analyzed by frequency ratio and index of entropy models. Results showed that the high and very high susceptibility classes cover nearly 50 % of the study area. For verification, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn and the areas under the curve (AUC) calculated. The verification results revealed that the index of entropy model (AUC = 75.59 %) is slightly better in prediction than frequency ratio model (AUC = 72.68 %). The interpretation of the susceptibility map indicated that NDVI, altitude, and rainfall play major roles in landslide occurrence and distribution in the study area. The landslide susceptibility maps produced from this study could assist planners and engineers for reorganizing and planning of future road construction and timber harvesting operations.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Tarbiat Modares University. Abdullah Abbasi, Sattar Ezzati, Hamed Asadi, and Mostafa Adib are thanked for their assistance in field surveys. The authors also express their sincere appreciation to the anonymous reviewers for their helpful and valuable detailed comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), P.O. Box: 64414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran

    A. Jaafari & A. Najafi

  2. Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor, Iran

    H. R. Pourghasemi

  3. Department of Industrial Engineering, Mazandaran University of Science and Technology, Babol, Iran

    J. Rezaeian

  4. Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran

    A. Sattarian

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  1. A. Jaafari
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Correspondence to A. Najafi.

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Jaafari, A., Najafi, A., Pourghasemi, H.R. et al. GIS-based frequency ratio and index of entropy models for landslide susceptibility assessment in the Caspian forest, northern Iran. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11, 909–926 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0464-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0464-0

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