Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Comparison of Adhesive Wear with Three-Body Abrasive Wear Characteristics of Graphitic White Irons Designed for Metal-to-Metal Wear Systems

  • Published:
International Journal of Metalcasting Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Frictional heat-induced severe adhesive wear has been limiting the lifetime of metal-to-metal wear systems for many years. Five graphitic white irons were previously designed and produced to introduce flake graphite into white iron, with the goal to expedite heat dissipation and reduce the frictional heat effect. This paper focused on the graphite addition effect on adhesive wear resistance for graphitic white irons and its comparison with abrasive wear. Adhesive wear resistance was assessed with a block on ring apparatus in accordance with ASTM G77. An empirical model was formulated to quantitatively evaluate graphite additions’ effect on the adhesive wear resistance. The model indicated that 1 vol.% graphite addition had the same effect as a hardness increase of 2.66 HRC, which was a 14% higher contribution than previously observed for three-body abrasive wear of the same alloys studied following ASTM G65. The improved wear resistance was related to an increased thermal diffusivity of the composite microstructure, and the surface lubricating effect of graphite.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. X. Ai, C. A. Moyer, Rolling Element Bearings, in Modern Tribology Handbook, (CRC, 2001), pp. 1041–1093

  2. H. S. Cheng, Gears, in Modern Tribology Handbook, (CRC, 2001), pp. 1095–1129

  3. R.F. Salant, Rotary Dynamic Seals, in Modern Tribology Handbook, (CRC, 2001), pp. 1131–1157

  4. J.A. Hawk, R.D. Wilson, J.H. Tylczak, O.N. Dogan, Laboratory Abrasive Wear Tests: investigation of Test Methods and Alloy Correlation. Wear 225, 1031–1042 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. J. H. Tylczak, A. Oregon, Abrasive Wear, in ASM Handbook Volume 18, (ASM International, 1992), p. 184

  6. M. Riddihough, Stellite as a wear-resistant material. Tribology 3(4), 211–215 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. K.C. Antony, Wear-resistant cobalt-based alloys. J. Metals 35(2), 52–60 (1983)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. J. Shin, J. Doh, J. Yoon, D. Lee, J. Kim, Effect of molybdenum on the microstructure and wear resistance of cobalt-base Stellite hardfacing alloys. Surf. Coat. Technol. 166(2–3), 117–126 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. J. Wan, J. Qing, M. Xu, Designing a Graphitic White Iron: Microstructures and Properties, in Association for Iron & Steel Technology 2019, (Pittsburgh, PA, 2019)

  10. J. Wan, D. C. Van Aken, J. Qing, M. Xu, Microstructural Characterization and Failure Analysis of a Wear Resistant, High Molybdenum and Chromium White Iron, 2019

  11. K. Sipos, M. Lopez, M. Trucco, Surface Martensite White Layer Produced by Adhesive Sliding Wear-Friction in AISI 1065 Steel. Revista Latinoamericana de Metalurgia Materiales 28(1), 46–50 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  12. F. Klocke, E. Brinksmeier, K. Weinert, Capability profile of hard cutting and grinding processes. Ann. CIRP 54(2), 22–45 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Smith, S.N. Melkote, L. Curzio, E.T. Watkins, R. Allard, L. Riester, Effect of surface integrity of hard turned AISI 52100 steel on fatigue performance. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 459, 337–346 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Y.B. Guo, G.M. Janowski, Microstructural characterization of white layers by hard turning and grinding. Trans. NAMRI/SME 32, 367–374 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. Wan, J. Qing, M. Xu, Designing a Novel Graphitic White Iron for Metal-to-metal Wear Systems. Metallurg. Mater. Trans. A 50(3), 1162–1174 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. H. Berns, W. Theisen, Tribological properties, in Ferrous Materials, (Bochum, Springer, 2008), p. 103

  17. A. Kagawa, T. Okamoto, K. Saito, M. Ohta, Hot hardness of (Fe, Cr)3C and (Fe, Cr)7C3 carbides. J. Mater. Sci. 19, 2546–2554 (1984)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. J. Wang, W. Guo, H. Sun, H. Li, H. Gou, J. Zhang, Plastic deformation behaviors and hardening mechanism of M7C3 carbide. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 662, 88–94 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. M.A. Guitar, U.P. Nayak, D. Britz et al., The effect of thermal processing and chemical composition on secondary carbide precipitation and hardness in high-chromium cast irons. Inter Metalcast (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00407-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. S. Inthidech, P. Sricharoenchai, Y. Matsubara, Effect of sub-critical heat treat parameters on hardness and retained austenite in mo-containing high chromium cast irons. Inter Metalcast 6, 25–34 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Hadji, K. Bouhamla, H. Maouche, Improving wear properties of high-chromium cast iron by manganese alloying. Inter Metalcast 10, 43–55 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-015-0003-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. S. Inthidech, K. Yamamoto, Y. Matsubara, Effect of tungsten equivalent on heat treatment behavior of semi-multi-alloyed white cast iron for abrasive wear resistance. Inter Metalcast (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00449-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. J. Wan, J. Qing, M. Xu, Developing a graphitic white cast iron, in Materials Science and Technology 2018, (Columbus, 2018)

  24. J. Wan, P.W. Habecker, J. Qing, M. Xu, Evolution of phases in a graphitic white iron, in AFS, (Atlanta, 2019)

  25. J. Wan, J. Qing, M. Xu, Investigation of wear performance for the first generation graphitic white iron,” in Materials Science & Technology 2019, (Portland, OR, 2019)

  26. J. Wan, J. Qing, M. Xu, Investigation of thermal diffusivity for the first generation graphitic white iron,” in Materials Sci ence & Technology 2019, (Portland, OR, 2019)

  27. J. Wan, D.C. Van Aken, J. Qing, T. J. Yaniak, T. C. Clements, M. Xu, Developing a graphitic white iron for abrasive wear application: thermal and wear properties, Wear, 436–437, 202967 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, “ASTM Designation E1461-13,” ASTM, 2013

  29. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, “ASTM Designation G65-16,” ASTM, 2016

  30. G. Sutter, N. Ranc, Flash temperature measurement during dry friction process at high sliding speed. Wear 268(11–12), 1237–1242 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, “ASTM Designation G77-17,” ASTM, 2017

  32. D.C. Van Aken, W.F. Hosford, Reporting Results: A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists (Cambridge University, Cambridge, 2008), pp. 87–91

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. G.P. Alejandro, A.A. Florentino, A.L. Juan, Improvement of adhesive wear behavior by variable heat treatment of a tool steel for sheet metal forming. Materials 12, 1–10 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  34. M.S. Narassima, S. Hangovan, S.P. Anbuudayasankar, P. Pavithran, Effect of reinforcement and aging time on wear behavior and mechanical properties of Aluminium LM4. Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol. 8(5), 2426–2433 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  35. M.F. Buchely, J.C. Gutierrez, L.M. Leon, A. Toro, The effect of microstructure on abrasive wear of hardfacing alloys. Wear 259, 52–61 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. S.B. Hosseini, U. Klement, Y. Yao, K. Ryttberg, Formation mechanisms of white layers induced by hard turning of AISI 52100 steel. Acta Mater. 89, 258–267 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. S. Goto, C. Liu, S. Aso, Y. Komatsu, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Creep and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures,” in The Institute of Materials, London, 2001

  38. S. Goto, S. Aso, Y. Komatsu, Proceedings of abrasion wear resistant alloyed white cast iron for rolling and pulverizing mills, in Japan Foundry Eng. Soc., (Fukuoka, 2002)

  39. L. Xu, S. Wei, J. Xing, Chin. J. Mech. Eng. 44, 50–55 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. K. Kato, K. Adachi, Wear Mechanisms, in Modern Tribology Handbook, (CRC Press, 2010), pp. 273–300

  41. E. Rabinowicz, An adhesive wear model based on variations in strength values. Wear 63, 175–181 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. S. Wu, H.S. Cheng, A sliding wear model for partial-EHL contacts. Trans. ASME 113, 134–141 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. H. Wang, C. Zhou, Y. Lei, Z. Liu, An adhesive wear model for helical gears in line-contact mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Wear 426–427, 896–909 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. J.F. Archard, Contact and rubbing on flat surfaces. J. Appl. Phys. 24, 981–988 (1953)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. H. Torres, M. Varga, M.R. Ripoll, High temperature hardness of steels and iron-based alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 671, 170–181 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. R. Kumar, T.S. Sudarshan, Self-Lubricating Composites: graphite-Copper. Mater. Technol. 11(5), 191–194 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. H. Goto, K. Uchijo, Wear mechanism of Al–Si alloy impregnated graphite composite under dry sliding. Wear 259(1–6), 613–619 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. H. Goto, S. Omori, Friction and wear characterisitics of aluminum alloy impregnated carbon composite. J. Tribol. 121(2), 294–300 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. H. Goto, S. Omori, K. Uchijo, Wear behaviro of Al–Si alloy impregnated graphite composite. Tribol. Trans. 44(4), 551 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. D.J. Boes, P.H. Bowen, Friction-wear characteristics of self-lubricating composites developed for vacuum service. ASLE Trans. 6, 192–200 (1963)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. S. Boubendir, S. Larbi, M. Malki, R. Bennacer, Hydrodynamic self-lubricating journal bearings analysis using Rabinowitsch fluid lubricant. Tribol. Int. 140, 105856 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. J.D. Mello, C. Binder, G. Hammes, R. Binder, A.N. Klein, Tribological behaviour of sintered iron based self-lubricating composites. Friction 5(3), 285–307 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Perrin W. Habecker for his assistance with the experiments and sample preparations. The FEI Helios NanoLab SEM was obtained with a Major Research Instrumentation grant from the National Science Foundation under contract DMR-0723128.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65401, USA

    Jie Wan & David C. Van Aken

  2. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA

    Jingjing Qing & Mingzhi Xu

Authors
  1. Jie Wan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David C. Van Aken
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jingjing Qing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mingzhi Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mingzhi Xu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wan, J., Van Aken, D.C., Qing, J. et al. A Comparison of Adhesive Wear with Three-Body Abrasive Wear Characteristics of Graphitic White Irons Designed for Metal-to-Metal Wear Systems. Inter Metalcast 15, 447–458 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00502-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00502-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation