Abstract
Effective controller configuration is an important requirement for the automatic generation and control mechanism as it mitigates noise and improves the control action. In this endeavor, a branched combination of fuzzy fractional-order proportional–integral and proportional–integral–derivative controller with filter (FFOPI + PIDN) is proposed for a two-area power system in the deregulated environment. The optimal controller settings are obtained using a novel quasi-opposition-based equilibrium optimizer algorithm with minimizing integral of squared error as the objective function. The generating units include conventional plants such as thermal, hydro and gas along with non-conventional plants such as geothermal and distributed generation sources which include solar and wind. The two areas are connected by a tie-line. The HVDC connection between control areas is made in parallel with the existing AC tie-line which stores capacitive energy and supports frequency regulation of the AC system. With the onset of smart transportation systems, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are likely to dominate our future. PEV acts as an energy-storing element and improves system transients during peak demands. The suggested control scheme has been subjected to step load and random load change in order to compare its performance with other prevalent controllers and optimizing techniques. Along with this, various case studies such as the effect of constant and variable DG, change of HVDC tie-line loading, integration of PEV, random load disturbances, sensitivity analysis and finally comparison with published work are also presented. Simulation results establish the validity of the proposed control scheme.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arya Y (2018) Improvement in automatic generation control of two-area electric power systems via a new fuzzy aided optimal PIDN-FOI controller. ISA Trans 80(April):475–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2018.07.028
Arya Y (2020) A novel CFFOPI-FOPID controller for AGC performance enhancement of single and multi-area electric power systems. ISA Trans 100:126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2019.11.025
Arya Y (2019) A new optimized fuzzy FOPI-FOPD controller for automatic generation control of electric power systems. J Frankl Inst 356(11):5611–5629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2019.02.034
Aryan P, Raja GL (2021) Equilibrium optimized IMC-PD double-loop control strategy for industrial processes with dead time. Congress on advances in mechanical and systems engineering CAMSE-2021. (in press)
Chatterjee K, Sankar R, Chatterjee TK (2012) SMES coordinated with SSSC of an interconnected thermal system for load frequency control. Asia-Pac Power Energy Eng Conf APPEEC. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2012.6307061
Chen X, Lin J, Liu F, Song Y (2019) Optimal control of AGC systems considering non-Gaussian wind power uncertainty. IEEE Trans Power Syst 34(4):2730–2743. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2893512
Dash P, Saikia LC, Sinha N (2016) Flower pollination algorithm optimized PI-PD cascade controller in automatic generation control of a multi-area power system. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 82:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.02.028
Debbarma S, Dutta A (2017) Utilizing electric vehicles for LFC in restructured power systems using fractional order controller. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 8(6):2554–2564. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2527821
Deepak M, Abraham RJ (2015) Load following in a deregulated power system with Thyristor controlled series compensator. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 65:136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.09.038
Dong L, Zhang Y, Gao Z (2012) A robust decentralized load frequency controller for interconnected power systems. ISA Trans 51(3):410–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2012.02.004
Dutta A, Debbarma S (2018) Frequency regulation in deregulated market using vehicle-to-grid services in residential distribution network. IEEE Syst J 12(3):2812–2820. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2017.2743779
Efe MÖ (2011) Fractional order systems in industrial automation-A survey. IEEE Trans Ind Informatics 7(4):582–591. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2011.2166775
Fan Q, Huang H, Yang K, Zhang S, Yao L, Xiong Q (2021) A modified equilibrium optimizer using opposition-based learning and novel update rules. Expert Syst Appl 170:114575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.114575
Faramarzi A, Heidarinejad M, Stephens B, Mirjalili S (2020) Equilibrium optimizer: a novel optimization algorithm. Knowl-Based Syst. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2019.105190
Ganguly S, Mukherjee V (2020) Frequency stabilization of isolated hybrid power system by a novel quasi-oppositional whale optimization algorithm. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Electr Eng 44(4):1467–1486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-020-00341-5
Guha D, Roy P, Banerjee S (2020) Quasi-oppositional backtracking search algorithm to solve load frequency control problem of interconnected power system. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Electr Eng 44(2):781–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-019-00260-0
Gupta E, Saxena A (2016) Grey wolf optimizer based regulator design for automatic generation control of interconnected power system. Cogent Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1151612
Izadkhast S, Garcia-Gonzalez P, Frìas P, Ramìrez-Elizondo L, Bauer P (2016) An aggregate model of plug-in electric vehicles including distribution network characteristics for primary frequency control. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(4):2987–2998. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2471091
Khodabakhshian A, Hooshmand R (2010) A new PID controller design for automatic generation control of hydro power systems. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 32(5):375–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2009.11.006
Kumar A, Khadanga RK, Panda S (2021) Reinforced modified equilibrium optimization technique-based MS-PID frequency regulator for a hybrid power system with renewable energy sources. Soft Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-06558-8
Kumar Sahu R, Panda S, Biswal A, Chandra Sekhar GT (2016) Design and analysis of tilt integral derivative controller with filter for load frequency control of multi-area interconnected power systems. ISA Trans 61:251–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.12.001
Kundur P (2007) Power system stability. Power System Stab Control 7–1
Li M, Zhou P, Zhao Z, Zhang J (2016) Two-degree-of-freedom fractional order-PID controllers design for fractional order processes with dead-time. ISA Trans 61:147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.12.007
Liu X, Zhang Y, Lee KY (2017) Coordinated distributed MPC for load frequency control of power system with wind farms. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 64(6):5140–5150. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2016.2642882
Mahdavi S, Rahnamayan S, Deb K (2018) Opposition based learning: a literature review. Swarm Evol Comput 39(November 2016):1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2017.09.010
Mohanty PK, Sahu BK, Pati TK, Panda S, Kar SK (2016) Design and analysis of fuzzy PID controller with derivative filter for AGC in multi-area interconnected power system. IET Gener Transm Distrib 10(15):3764–3776. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0106
Mu C, Tang Y, He H (2017) Improved sliding mode design for load frequency control of power system integrated an adaptive learning strategy. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 64(8):6742–6751. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2017.2694396
Murali S, Shankar R (2021) Exploration of novel optimal fuzzy-based controller for enhancement of frequency regulation of deregulated hybrid power system with modified HVDC tie-line. Int J Intell Syst. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.22715
Nayak N, Mishra S, Sharma D, Sahu BK (2019) Application of modified sine cosine algorithm to optimally design PID/fuzzy-PID controllers to deal with AGC issues in deregulated power system. IET Gener Transm Distrib 13(12):2474–2487. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6489
Parmar KPS, Majhi S, Kothari DP (2014) LFC of an interconnected power system with multi-source power generation in deregulated power environment. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 57:277–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.11.058
Patel NC, Sahu BK (2021) Design and implementation of a novel FO-hPID-FPID controller for AGC of multiarea interconnected nonlinear thermal power system. Int Trans Electr Energy Syst. https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.13078
Pathak N, Bhatti TS, Verma A, Nasiruddin I (2018) AGC of two area power system based on different power output control strategies of thermal power generation. IEEE Trans Power Syst 33(2):2040–2052. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2734923
Prakash A, Murali S, Shankar R, Bhushan R (2019) HVDC tie-link modeling for restructured AGC using a novel fractional order cascade controller. Electr Power Syst Res 170(September 2018):244–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2019.01.021
Raj U, Shankar R (2020) Deregulated automatic generation control using novel opposition-based interactive search algorithm cascade controller including distributed generation and electric vehicle. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Electr Eng 44(3):1233–1251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-019-00306-3
Saha A, Saikia LC (2018) Performance analysis of combination of ultra-capacitor and superconducting magnetic energy storage in a thermal-gas AGC system with utilization of whale optimization algorithm optimized cascade controller. J Renew Sustain Energy. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5003958
Saxena S, Hote YV (2013) Load frequency control in power systems via internal model control scheme and model-order reduction. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(3):2749–2757. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2245349
Shangguan XC, He Y, Zhang CK, Jiang L, Wu M (2021) Adjustable event-triggered load frequency control of power systems using control performance standard-based fuzzy logic. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst. https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2021.3112232
Shankar R, Chatterjee K, Bhushan R (2016) Impact of energy storage system on load frequency control for diverse sources of interconnected power system in deregulated power environment. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 79:11–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.12.029
Shankar R, Chatterjee K, Chatterjee TK (2015) Coordination of economic load dispatch and load frequency control for interconnected power system. J Inst Eng Ser B 96(1):47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-014-0113-0
Shankar R, Kumar A, Raj U, Chatterjee K (2019) Fruit fly algorithm-based automatic generation control of multiarea interconnected power system with FACTS and AC/DC links in deregulated power environment. Int Trans Electr Energy Syst 29(1):1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.2690
Shankar R, Pradhan SR, Chatterjee K, Mandal R (2017) A comprehensive state of the art literature survey on LFC mechanism for power system. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 76(October):1185–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.064
Sharma P, Mishra A, Saxena A, Shankar R (2021) A Novel hybridized fuzzy PI-LADRC based improved frequency regulation for restructured power system integrating renewable energy and electric vehicles. IEEE Access 9:7597–7617. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3049049
Tripathy SC, Balasubramanian R, Nair PSC (1992) Effect of superconducting magnetic energy storage on automatic generation control considering governor deadband and boiler dynamics. IEEE Trans Power Syst 7(3):1266–1273. https://doi.org/10.1109/59.207343
Zhang XS, Yu T, Pan ZN, Yang B, Bao T (2018) Lifelong learning for complementary generation control of interconnected power grids with high-penetration renewables and EVs. IEEE Trans Power Syst 33(4):4097–4110. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2767318
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the preparation of this manuscript.
Appendix: Values of Plant Parameters
Appendix: Values of Plant Parameters
Thermal: N1 = 0.8, N2 = − 0.064, Tg1 = Tg2 = 0.08, Kr1 = Kr2 = 0.3, Tr1 = Tr2 = 10 BD: K1 = 0.85, K2 = 0.095, K3 = 0.92, KIB = 0.03, TRB = 69, CB = 200, TD = 1, TF = 10; DGP: TSPVP = 1.5, KAE = 1, KFCP = 0.01, TFCP = 0.01, TWTP = 1.8, KDGP = 0.03, KDGP = 0.03; GTTP: g1 = 0.05, t1 = 0.1; hydro: TGH2 = 0.2, TR2 = 5, TRH2 = 28.75, Tw2 = 1; biogas:X2 = 0.6, Y2 = 1.1, c2 = 1, b2 = 0.049, TCR2 = 0.01, TF2 = 0.239, TCD2 = 0.2; power system: KPS1 = KPS2 = 120, TPS1 = TPS2 = 20, Rth = 2.4, B1 = 0.545,
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aryan, P., Raja, G.L. Design and Analysis of Novel QOEO Optimized Parallel Fuzzy FOPI-PIDN Controller for Restructured AGC with HVDC and PEV. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Electr Eng 46, 565–587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-022-00484-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-022-00484-7