Abstract
Molten salt is used as primary coolant flowing through graphite moderator channel of a molten salt reactor. Working at high temperature under radiation environment, the pore network structure of nuclear graphite should be well understood. In this paper, X-ray tomography is employed to study the 3D pore structure characteristics of nuclear grades graphite of IG-110, NBG-18 and NG-CT-10, and permeability simulation through geometries are performed. The porosity, number of pores and throats, coordination number and pore surface are obtained. NG-CT-10 is of similar microstructure to IG-110, but differs significantly from NBG-18. The absolute permeabilities of IG-110, NG-CT-10 and NBG-18 are 0.064, 0.090 and 0.106 mD, respectively. This study provides basis for future research on graphite infiltration experiment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems, US DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum, December 2002, GIF-002-00
W. Windes, T. Burchell, R. Bratton. Report—INL/EXT-07-13165, 2007
R. Bratton, W. Windes. Report—ORNL/TM-2007/153-10-07 2010
C. Berre, S.L. Fok, P.M. Mummery et al., Failure analysis of the effects of porosity in thermally oxidised nuclear graphite using finite element modelling. J. Nucl. Mater. 381, 1–8 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.07.021
A.S. Nazarov, V.G. Makotchenko, V.E. Fedorov, Preparation of low-temperature graphite fluorides through decomposition of fluorinated-graphite intercalation compounds. Inorg. Mater. 42, 1260–1264 (2006). doi:10.1134/S002016850611015x
J. Giraudet, M. Dubois, K. Guerin et al., Solid-state NMR study of the post-fluorination of (C2.5F)n fluorine-GIC. J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 14143–14151 (2007). doi:10.1021/Jp076170g
M. Dubois, K. Guerin, J.P. Pinheiro et al., NMR and EPR studies of room temperature highly fluorinated graphite heat-treated under fluorine atmosphere. Carbon 42, 1931–1940 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.03.025
X.M. Yang, S.L. Feng, X.T. Zhou et al., Interaction between nuclear graphite and molten fluoride salts: A synchrotron radiation study of the substitution of graphitic hydrogen by fluoride ion. J. Phys. Chem. A 116, 985–989 (2012). doi:10.1021/Jp208990y
G.Q. Zheng, P. Xu, K. Sridharan et al., Characterization of structural defects in nuclear graphite IG-110 and NBG-18. J. Nucl. Mater. 446, 193–199 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.12.013
L. Hongwei, G. Mingshan, S. Libin. Strength Weibull distribution analysis for the NBG-18 graphite in HTR. Trans. SMiRT 19, 2025–2082 (2007)
T.R. Allen, K. Sridharan, L. Tan et al., Materials challenges for generation IV nuclear energy systems. Nucl. Technol. 162, 342–357 (2008)
J. Sumita, T. Shibata, I. Fujita et al., Development of evaluation method with X-ray tomography for material property of IG-430 graphite for VHTR/HTGR. Nucl. Eng. Des. 271, 314–317 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.11.053
C. Karthik, J. Kane, D.P. Butt et al., Microstructural characterization of next generation nuclear graphites. Microsc. Microanal. 18, 272–278 (2012). doi:10.1017/S1431927611012360
C. Karthik, J. Kane, D.P. Butt et al., In situ transmission electron microscopy of electron-beam induced damage process in nuclear grade graphite. J. Nucl. Mater. 412, 321–326 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.03.024
R.K.L. Su, H.H. Chen, S.L. Fok et al., Determination of the tension softening curve of nuclear graphites using the incremental displacement collocation method. Carbon 57, 65–78 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.01.033
J. Kane, C. Karthik, D.P. Butt et al., Microstructural characterization and pore structure analysis of nuclear graphite. J. Nucl. Mater. 415, 189–197 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.05.053
J. Sumita, T. Shibata, E. Kunimoto et al., The development of a microstructural model to evaluate the irradiation-induced property changes in IG-110 graphite using x-ray tomography. R. Soc. Chem. 328, 163–170 (2010)
L.A. Feldkamp, L.C. Davis, J.W. Kress, Practical cone-beam algorithm. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1, 612–619 (1984). doi:10.1364/Josaa.1.000612
H. Wang, L.J. Ma, K.C. Cao et al., Selective solid-phase extraction of uranium by salicylideneimine-functionalized hydrothermal carbon. J. Hazard. Mater. 229, 321–330 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.004
A. Buades, B. Coll, V. Morel, A non-local algorithm for image denoising. Proc. CVPR IEEE 2, 60–65 (2005). doi:10.1109/CVPR.2005.38
W. Oh, W.B. Lindquist, Image thresholding by indicator kriging. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal 21, 590–602 (1999). doi:10.1109/34.777370
S. Peth, R. Horn, F. Beckmann et al., Three-dimensional quantification of intra-aggregate pore-space features using synchrotron-radiation-based microtomography. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72, 897–907 (2008). doi:10.2136/sssaj2007.0130
W.B. Lindquist, A. Venkatarangan, Investigating 3D geometry of porous media from high resolution images. Phys. Chem. Earth Part A 24, 593–599 (1999). doi:10.1016/S1464-1895(99)00085-X
T.C. Lee, R.L. Kashyap, C.N. Chu, Building skeleton models via 3-D medial surface axis thinning algorithms. CVGIP-Graph Model Image Process. 56, 462–478 (1994). doi:10.1006/cgip.1994.1042
W.B. Lindquist, A. Venkatarangan, J. Dunsmuir et al., Pore and throat size distributions measured from synchrotron X-ray tomographic images of Fontainebleau sandstones. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 21509–21527 (2000). doi:10.1029/2000jb900208
B.J. Zhu, H.H. Cheng, Y.C. Qiao et al., Porosity and permeability evolution and evaluation in anisotropic porosity multiscale-multiphase-multicomponent structure. Chin. Sci. Bull. 57, 320–327 (2012). doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4874-4
J.M. Sharp, C.T. Simmons, The compleat Darcy: new lessons learned from the first English translation of Les Fontaines publiques de la Ville de Dijon. Ground Water 43, 457–460 (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0076.x
S. Peng, F. Marone, S. Dultz, Resolution effect in X-ray microcomputed tomography imaging and small pore’s contribution to permeability for a Berea sandstone. J. Hydrol. 510, 403–411 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.12.028
X. Yang, S. Feng, X. Zhou et al., Interaction between nuclear graphite and molten fluoride salts: a synchrotron radiation study of the substitution of graphitic hydrogen by fluoride ion. J. Phys. Chem. A 116, 985–989 (2012). doi:10.1021/jp208990y
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11275256 and 11179024), and Program of International S&T Cooperation (No. 2014DFG60230).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jing, SP., Zhang, C., Pu, J. et al. 3D microstructures of nuclear graphite: IG-110, NBG-18 and NG-CT-10. NUCL SCI TECH 27, 66 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-016-0071-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-016-0071-0